tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-88007961796501373602024-03-13T14:42:52.752-07:00Prompts for essaysCollege Essay Topics For 2018rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8800796179650137360.post-13148254731404567522020-08-24T06:36:00.001-07:002020-08-24T06:36:06.151-07:00Current international interest (anything really) EssayCurrent universal enthusiasm (anything truly) - Essay Example Furnished coercion is one of the methods of getting by in Somalia. Robbery today in Somalia is an exceptionally productive undertaking rounding up a huge number of dollars through payment. It is developing at a disturbing rate. As indicated by reports around 41 boats were assaulted in 2007, more than 122 were assaulted in 2008 and more than 100 of every 2009. The circumstance is bleak and has become a reason for stress with reports of association between the privateers and Islamist radicals. A large portion of the privateers are from Puntland, arranged in northeastern Somalia and their ages run from 20 to 35.According toward The East African Seafarers Association there are around five privateer groups comprising of around 1,000 equipped men. The privateers are fundamentally nearby Somali anglers who work for themselves and are known for their ability and information on the ocean. A few privateers are ex-minute men who used to battle for the nearby warlords. What started as little demonstrations of robbery on little and powerless boats has today arrived at disturbing extents. From 2008 Somali privateers have assaulted transports much outside the Gulf of Aden. There has been an expansion in the recurrence and refinement of the assaults. The size of vessels seized has likewise expanded and today enormous payload boats and worldwide oil and substance big haulers have become the new focuses for the Somali privateers. The monetary achievement of the privateers has had negative impact on nearby occupants. The nearness of equipped men causes the neighborhood inhabitants to feel shaky, and the extravagant spending methods of the privateers has caused incredible vacillations in the nearby conversion scale. There are likewise reports that some Islamist bunches have utilized Somali Pirates to sneak arms. US Navys Fifth Fleet and numerous different nations have conveyed boats to watch the bank of Somalia and the Gulf of Aden. Egypt alongside Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Jordan and Sudan has planned a joint methodology against theft. Yet, the size of the coast and the traffic of boats that goes past Somalia make it rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8800796179650137360.post-30429104249018675212020-08-22T00:44:00.001-07:002020-08-22T00:44:41.692-07:00Monday begins on Saturday Review Essay ExampleMonday starts on Saturday Review Paper Exposition on Monday starts on Saturday its splendid =))): Labor enactment abused horribly, and I felt that I wanted to manage these infringement, in light of the fact that here at twelve oclock Christmas night, getting through the snowstorm, individuals came, which was fascinating to bring to an end or begin once more some valuable thing, than to kill the vodka itself is inconsequential twitch down, play and take part in being a tease relinquishes various degrees of daintiness. These individuals came, which was a delight to be with each other than independently, which can not endure any sort of Sunday since they were exhausted on a Sunday. Magee, People with a capital letter, and their aphorism was Monday starts on Saturday. Truly, they realized a few spells had the option to transform water into wine, and every one of them would have thought that it was hard to take care of 5,000 individuals with bread. In any case, the wizards were not really. It was the husk, the external. They were entertainers, on the grounds that su ch a large number of know so much that the quantity of passed them at long last in quality, and they started with the world in different manners, as opposed to standard individuals. They worked at the organization, which is locked in essentially issues of human satisfaction and the importance of human life, yet even among them, nobody knew precisely what joy is and what is the significance of life. Furthermore, they took a working theory, that bliss is the persistent information on the obscure and the importance of life in the equivalent. Every individual the performer in the spirit, however it turns into an alchemist just when he starts to contemplate themselves and increasingly about others when it turns out to be more intriguing work than fun with regards to the old feeling of the word. rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8800796179650137360.post-66447785282251718412020-07-18T06:21:00.001-07:002020-07-18T06:21:02.785-07:00Mechanical Solidarity Essay SampleMechanical Solidarity Essay Sample Mechanical solidarity: the Main Distinctive Features of this Term In this essay, we will learn what mechanical solidarity is and give the examples of this term. This notion is frequently used among the pre-industrial societies. So, letâs discern about this concept in greater detail. Mechanical Solidarity Definition This term is used with the aim to describe the situation when similarities of members of one community maintain the society. Maybe, you donât hear this word in your everyday life frequently, but still, it is widely used in sociology. In other words, this notion describes the cohesion which comes from the homogeneity of different individuals. Members of one society realize that they are related to other members through the same work, lifestyle, religious, and training. As a rule, the term of mechanical solidarity is applied to small-scale societies. Example of Mechanical Solidarity We want to describe this term in greater details, look through the below-listed example. As a rule, one can better understand different sociological aspects after reading the case. Just imagine that there is a little boy, who was born in a remote village in Bali. Every day this boy lives in the community which members spend 9 hours of their day at work. He likes all members of his community, all of them are similar, holding similar values, visiting the same shop and eating similar food. It is an ideal instance of mechanical solidarity. Several Historical Facts First, this sociological term was used by a well-known sociologist, Emile Durkheim more than 100 years ago. In 1893, he wrote a book The Division of Labor. The terms mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity were used in this book for the first time. First, he introduced the term solidarity that was used with the aim to describe different things that could keep one society together. As soon as this book was published, many sociologists started learning these notions more attentively. These terms are opposite. Organic solidarity means the situation when people depend upon each other. To put it simply, it describes the kind of solidarity where there is a subdivision of labor. Every member of this society canât do without the other one. It comes from interdependence. Members of this type of solidarity perform different assignments, and if one member (because of some reasons) canât do his work, there is no one around who substitute him. Mechanical society is absolutely different: its members are engaged in the same everyday activities. They do the same work, share similar views, and their lives are also common. In this kind of solidarity, the work canât stop because of the absence of one of its members. They can always stay together. As a rule, pre-industrial societies are characterized by the term mechanical solidarity. Key Features that Describe Mechanical Solidarity It is a primitive and even more tribal type of society where there is no important or cardinal labor division. As a rule, they have general consciousness â" religion. There are no individuals in this group. People canât express themselves because of some reasons. Religion is in the first place. The whole society makes the same things each day. It swallows up any personality. The property they own is also joint. Of course, an individual can own this property, but in this case, he frees himself from the others and becomes a distinctive being. The major characteristic features of mechanical solidarity are the following ones: The community owns all resources. No one has the right to become the owner of the personal property. Only community property exists, and everyone has a chance to use it. You canât express yourself as a personality. It is forbidden. You depend on the society. Collective consciousness. They share the same beliefs. Repressive laws. They are subdivided into procedural, civil and administrative law. Their overarching goal is to bring back the previous state of affairs. Unfortunately or luckily, it is complicated to give a bright example of one or another society which adheres to the rules of the mechanic or organic solidarity. Still, the community is static and dynamic. One more example of mechanical solidarity is the society which lived in Europe till the epoch of industrialization. During that period, it was a traditional society. One more example is the time of communism, the type of a society where it was almost impossible to be an individual. rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8800796179650137360.post-46291686399422059542020-05-21T18:18:00.001-07:002020-05-21T18:18:06.320-07:00The Function and Cell Types of Epithelial Tissue The word tissue is derived from a Latin word meaning to weave.à Cells that make up tissues are sometimes woven together with extracellular fibers. Likewise, a tissue can sometimes be held together by a sticky substance that coats its cells. There are four main categories of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous. Lets take a look at epithelial tissue. Epithelial Tissue Function Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines organs, vessels (blood and lymph), and cavities. Epithelial cells form the thin layer of cells known as the endothelium, which is contiguous with the inner tissue lining of organs such as the brain, lungs, skin, and heart. The free surface of epithelial tissue is usually exposed to fluid or the air, while the bottom surface is attached to a basement membrane.The cells in epithelial tissue are very closely packed together and joined with little space between them. With its tightly packed structure, we would expect epithelial tissue to serve some type of barrier and protective function and that is certainly the case. For example, the skin is composed of a layer of epithelial tissue (epidermis) that is supported by a layer of connective tissue. It protects the internal structures of the body from damage and dehydration.Epithelial tissue also helps to protect against microorganisms. The skin is the bodys first line of defense aga inst bacteria, viruses, and other microbes.Epithelial tissue functions to absorb, secrete, and excrete substances. In the intestines, this tissue absorbs nutrients during digestion. Epithelial tissue in glands secrete hormones, enzymes, and other substances. Epithelial tissue in the kidneys excrete wastes, and in the sweat glands excrete perspiration.Epithelial tissue also has a sensory function as it contains sensory nerves in areas such as the skin, tongue, nose, and ears.Ciliated epithelial tissue can be found in areas such as the female reproductive tract and the respiratory tract. Cilia are hair-like protrusions that help propel substances, such as dust particles or female gametes, in the proper direction. Classifying Epithelial Tissue Epithelia are commonly classified based on the shape of the cells on the free surface, as well as the number of cell layers. Sample types include: Simple Epithelium: Simple epithelium contains a single layer of cells.Stratified Epithelium: Stratified epithelium contains multiple layers of cells.Pseudostratified Epithelium: Pseudostratified epithelium appears to be stratified, but is not. The single layer of cells in this type of tissue contain nuclei that are arranged at different levels, making it appear to be stratified. Likewise, the shape of the cells on the free surface can be: Cuboidal - Analogous to the shape of dice.Columnar - Analogous to the shape of bricks on an end.Squamous - Analogous to the shape of flat tiles on a floor. By combining the terms for shape and layers, we can derive epithelial types such as pseudostratified columnar epithelium, simple cuboidal epithelium, or stratified squamous epithelium. Simple Epithelium Simple epithelium consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. The free surface of epithelial tissue is usually exposed to fluid or the air, while the bottom surface is attached to a basement membrane. Simple epithelial tissue lines body cavities and tracts. Simple epithelial cells compose linings inà blood vessels,à kidneys,à skin, and theà lungs. Simple epithelium aids inà diffusionà andà osmosisà processes in the body. Stratified Epithelium Stratified epithelium consists of epithelial cells stacked in multiple layers. These cells typically cover exterior surfaces of the body, such as theà skin. They are also found interiorly in portions of theà digestive tractà andà reproductive tract. Stratified epithelium serves a protective role by helping to prevent water loss and damage by chemicals or friction. This tissue is constantly renewed asà dividing cellsà on the bottom layer move toward the surface to replace olderà cells. Pseudostratified Epithelium Pseudostratified epithelium appears to be stratified but is not. The single layer of cells in this type of tissue containà nucleià that are arranged at different levels, making it appear to be stratified. All cells are in contact with the basement membrane. Pseudostratified epithelium is found in the respiratory tract and theà male reproductive system. Pseudostratified epithelium in the respiratory tract isà ciliatedà and contain finger-like projections that help to remove unwanted particles from theà lungs. Endothelium Endothelial cells form the inner lining of theà cardiovascular systemà andà lymphatic systemà structures. Endothelial cells are epithelial cells that form a thin layer of simple squamous epithelium known asà the endothelium. Endothelium makes up the inner layer of vessels such asà arteries,à veins, andà lymphatic vessels. In the smallest blood vessels,à capillariesà and sinusoids, endothelium comprises the majority of the vessel.ââ¬â¹ Blood vesselà endotheliumà is contiguous with the inner tissue lining of organs such as theà brain,à lungs,à skin, andà heart. Endothelial cells are derived from endothelialà stem cellsà located inà bone marrow. Endothelial Cell Structure Endothelial cells are thin, flat cells that areà packed closely together to form a single layer of endothelium. The bottom surface of endothelium is attached to a basement membrane, while the free surface is usually exposed to fluid. Endothelium can be continuous, fenestrated (porous), or discontinuous. With continuous endothelium,à tight junctionsà are formed when theà cell membranesà of cells in close contact with one another join together to form a barrier that prevents the passage of fluid between theà cells. Tight junctions may contain numerous transport vesicles to allow the passage of certain molecules and ions. This can be observed in the endothelium ofà musclesà andà gonads. Conversely, tight junctions in areas such as theà central nervous systemà (CNS) have very few transport vesicles. As such, the passage of substances in the CNS is very restrictive. Inà fenestrated endothelium, the endothelium contains pores to allow small molecules andà proteinsà to pass. This type of endothelium is found inà organsà and glands of theà endocrine system, in the intestines, and in theà kidneys.à Discontinuous endotheliumà contains large pores in its endothelium and is attached to an incomplete basement membrane. Discontinuous endothelium allowsà blood cellsà and larger proteins to pass through the vessels. This type of endothelium is present in theà sinusoidsà of the liver,à spleen, andà bone marrow. Endothelium Functions Endothelial cells perform a variety of essential functions in the body. One of the primary functions of endothelium is to act as a semi-permeable barrier between body fluids (bloodà and lymph) and theà organsà and tissues of the body. In blood vessels, endothelium helps blood to flow properly by producing molecules that prevent blood from clotting andà plateletsà from clumping together. When there is a break in a blood vessel, endothelium secretes substances that cause blood vessels to constrict, platelets to adhere to injured endothelium to form a plug, and blood to coagulate. This helps to prevent bleeding in damaged vessels and tissues. Other functions of endothelial cells include: Macromolecule Transport RegulationEndothelium regulates the movement of macromolecules, gases, and fluid between the blood and surrounding tissues. The movement of certain molecules across the endothelium is either restricted or allowed based on the type of endothelium (continuous, fenestrated, or discontinuous) and physiological conditions. The endothelial cells in the brain that form the blood-brain barrier, for instance, are highly selective and allow only certain substances to move across the endothelium. Theà nephronsà in the kidneys, however, contain fenestrated endothelium to enable the filtration of blood and the formation of urine.Immune ResponseBlood vessel endothelium helps cells of theà immune systemà exit blood vessels to reach tissues that are under attack from foreign substances such asà bacteriaà andà viruses. This process is selective in thatà white blood cellsà and notà red blood cellsà are allowed to pass through the endothelium in this manner .Angiogenesis and LymphangiogenesisThe endothelium is responsible for angiogenesis (creation of new blood vessels) and lymphangiogenesis (new lymphatic vessel formation). These processes are necessary for the repair of damaged tissue and tissue growth.Blood Pressure RegulationEndothelial cells release molecules that help to constrict or dilate blood vessels when needed. Vasoconstriction increases blood pressure by narrowing blood vessels and restricting blood flow. Vasodilation widens vessel passages and lowers blood pressure. Endothelium and Cancer Endothelial cells play a critical role in the growth, development, and spread of someà cancer cells. Cancer cells require a good supply of oxygen and nutrients to grow. Tumor cells send signaling molecules to nearby normal cells to activate certainà genesà in the normal cells to produce certainà proteins. These proteins initiate new blood vessel growth to tumor cells, a process called tumor angiogenesis. These growing tumors metastasize, or spread, by entering blood vessels or lymphatic vessels. They are carried to another area of the body via theà circulatory systemà or theà lymphatic system. The tumor cells then exit through the vessel walls and invade surrounding tissue. Sources: Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002. Blood Vessels and Endothelial Cells. Available from: (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26848/)Understanding Cancer Series. Angiogenesis. National Cancer Institute. Accessed 08/24/2014 rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8800796179650137360.post-26682049503641229022020-05-06T23:39:00.001-07:002020-05-06T23:39:25.245-07:00The Story Of Buddhism By Donald M. Rodriguez Jr. - 1743 Words The Kannon Bosatsu, or Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva, is a carved wood statue of a Bodhisattva figure standing about two and one half to three meters tall. This statue shows a high level of detail on the Bodhisattva s body, and is carved so smoothly that it could be mistaken for a stone carving. The show of skilled craftsmanship can be seen around the shoulders with the interaction of the cloth with the jewelry the Bodhisattva. The statue is placed on an ornate pedestal to cause the figurine to appear taller, giving it a feeling of authority, which contrasts with its calm, expressionless face. While the figure appears to be standing in a meditative state like the Buddha, the jewelry present all over the body of this figure distinguishes this figure as a Bodhisattva instead of a Buddha. In his book, The Story of Buddhism a Concise guide to Its History and Teachings, Donald S. Lopez Jr. establishes the importance of imagery in Buddhism. One major point he makes concerning the worsh ip of Buddhist figures, is that the disciples of Buddhism not only believe that the figures are a mere representation of Buddha, but that the figures actually become and are animated by Buddha, an argument which seems to hold merit as truth. Continuing with the theme of visual imagery from this icon, Buddhist icons often carry much meaning in the orientation of the body of figurines, and hand gestures. This standing Bodhisattva has his eyes shut in a meditative state, while the hands rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8800796179650137360.post-55488565316506542422020-05-06T08:22:00.001-07:002020-05-06T08:22:46.214-07:00The Characters in Troilus and Criseyde Free Essays Characters Achilles, warrior who kills Troilus and Hector in battle Antenor, a soldier held captive by the Greeks, led to the fall of Troy, traded for Criseydeââ¬â¢s safety Calchas, a Trojan prophet who joins the Greeks Criseyde, Calchasââ¬â¢ daughter Helen, wife to Menelaus, lover of Paris Pandarus, Criseydeââ¬â¢s uncle, advises Troilus in the wooing of Criseyde Priam, King of Troy Cassandra, Daughter of Priam, a prophetess at the temple of Apollo Hector, Prince of Troy, fierce warrior and leader of the Trojan armies Troilus, Youngest son of Priam, and wooer of Criseyde Paris, Prince of Troy, lover of Helen Deiphobus, Prince of Troy, aids Troilus in the wooing of Criseyde Synopsis Criseyde, the daughter of the seer Calchas, lives alone in Troy after her father abandons the Trojans to help the Greeks. Eventually she catches the eye of Troilus, a man who had previously scoffed at love, and becomes the object of his overwhelming desire. With the help of Criseydeââ¬â¢s uncle Pandarus he wins her love but soon loses it when the Greeks and the Trojans conduct an exchange of prisoners. We will write a custom essay sample on The Characters in Troilus and Criseyde or any similar topic only for you Order Now Calchas, who knows of Troyââ¬â¢s imminent destruction, persuades the Greeks to exchange Antenor for his daughter and thus saves her from the doomed city. Criseyde promises Troilus that sheââ¬â¢ll return to him after ten days but once sheââ¬â¢s back in the care of her father she realizes the impossibility of her promise. Resigned to her fate, Criseyde yields to the flirtations of Diomedes, and her love for Troilus fades. When Deiphobus wins the armor of Diomedes, Troilus discovers a brooch he gave Criseyde upon her departure pinned to it. Heartbroken, he tries to find Diomedes and take his revenge during battle but after slaying many is in his turn killed by Achilles. As his spirit goes to heaven he reflects on the absurdity of all life itself. work cited Wikipedia online encyclopaedia How to cite The Characters in Troilus and Criseyde, Papers rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8800796179650137360.post-82763875476741624242020-04-25T22:54:00.001-07:002020-04-25T22:54:02.471-07:00Lory Ice Religions of the WorldJournal 4 DATE @ & Essays - Religion Lory Ice Religions of the WorldJournal 4 DATE \@ MMMM d, y February 5, 2017 The Hindu religion is the oldest religion of the five major religions, which are Islam, Christianity, Judaism, and Buddhism. Dating back more than 3,000 years . It originated in India and is still practiced by most of the Natives as well as the people who have left India and moved on to other parts of the world . Eighty five percent of the population in India today is Hindu . The word Hindu comes from an ancient Sanskrit term meaning dwellers by the Indus River . " Hinduism is unique because it has no founder . There is not much organization in the religion . Hinduism suggests commitment to or respect for an ideal way of life know as Dharma. Hinduism absorbs foreign ideas and beliefs making it have a wide variety of beliefs and practices.The Hindus own definition of their community is T hose who belie ve in Vedas . " The beliefs of Hinduism are not specific, but there are a few beliefs such as the Caste System , the Caste System is t he ideal way of life . It is referred to as the duties of one's class and station. C lass is changed to the word CASTE. The re are four great classes. T he Brahmins, or priests , the Ksatriyas, or warriors and rulers , the Vaisayas, or merchants and farmers; and the Sudras, or peasants and laborers. A fifth class, Panchamas, or untouchables, are people whose jobs make them touch unclean or unholy objects. In the past the caste was very strict and kept different people in different classes very distinctly. The re are also four stations of life, each with its own duty. The first stage is studentship , or brahmacarya. This stage lasts from initiation into the religion at the age of five until marriage at the age thirteen . The second stage is householdership, or grihasthya . This is the time during a marriage, raising a family, and taking part in the society. The third stage is forest dwelling , vanaprasthya . It is after the kids have grown and moved on with their lives. The fourth and final stage is renunciation , or samnyasa. This is when one gives up attachment to all worldly things and seeks spiritual liberation. T here are also general duties , sanatanadharma. Th is include s honesty, courage, service, faith, self-control, purity, and nonviolence. The se classes and stations only apply to the male Hindus. An important belief of the Hindus is the theory of karma, which says that all beings, human or animal , karma determines which soul is for which body and the birth attribute of each soul. Th is religion is for the soul to move upward to the most sacred level through the reincarnation. In other word s if a person l ived a good life, done good deeds, and had good faith they will achieve a good karma . Their soul will move up maybe to a king or a schola r , meaning the soul will have a much better position in the next life. however if they did bad things in their lives the soul will move down to worse position in life , for example, maybe a filthy animal or instinct. The Jains see karma as very fine matter that interacts with the soul and causes great changes. Karma is material to them. Philosophy Hinduism has six philosophical systems. The systems called Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, and Yoga emphasize the understanding of basic principles of metaphysics and epistemology. Nyaya i s also included as an analysis of logic. The systems called Mimamsa is identif ied as the performance of ritual. The many Vedanta systems emphasize understanding of the relati on ship between the self a nd the ultimate reality. The Hindus believe the universe has many G ods. These G ods where a lot like humans , and are related like humans. It is very similar to Greek Mythology and theories. The supreme G ods where, Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva . They where often related to female deities. The f e males are called Shakti. rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8800796179650137360.post-14657739460902835172020-03-18T13:03:00.001-07:002020-03-18T13:03:03.062-07:00Political Cartoon Essay ExamplePolitical Cartoon Essay Example Political Cartoon Essay Political Cartoon Essay The Rebellious Force of Iraq By glancing at this political cartoon, I simply see a picture that denotes a human watering the dry dirt and plants. On a closer look, the picture depicts a war between the united States and Iraq. On the top right corner, uncle Cams hand is watering the plant and ground by using a watering can. Since this is a war, the powerful and nonstop water flow that is coming out of the water can represents the fire power that the united States is using in hope of winning the war. The whole country of Iraq is Ewing drawn inside the perimeter of the watering can, which means that the U. S. Is targeting the whole country, not Just a specific area within Iraq. By drawing a huge hand of Uncle Cams while comparing it to the tiny Iraqis soldiers, this also illustrates the differences In power and authority. On the left, middle half of the picture, the fire powers are pouring down on the country and overwhelmed them. Despite this strong force, the stubborn Iraqis soldiers are not Glenn up that easily as they strike back as seen In the lower bottom half of the picture. In this picture, the soldiers are playing kebob by hiding inside the plant and only show half of their body when shooting back at uncle Sam. Their WI as are pointing straight up at uncle Sam as they resist back and trying to protect their own country. These Iraqis know that they cannot win against the U. S. In the open, so they use stealth as their strategy. In this political cartoon, the author is giving hope to the family members of the soldiers that are still fighting in Iraq. The war has been going on and off and back and forth. With determination and assurance of the mighty force of the U. S, this endless war will soon come to an end. rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8800796179650137360.post-27088003311986731722020-03-02T04:50:00.001-08:002020-03-02T04:50:03.184-08:00Sybil Ludington, Possible Female Paul RevereSybil Ludington, Possible Female Paul Revere Sybil Ludington (April 5, 1761ââ¬âFebruary 26, 1839) was a young woman who lived in rural Dutchess County, New York, close to the Connecticut border, during the American Revolution. The daughter of a commander in the Dutchess County militia, 16-year-old Sybil is said to have ridden 40 miles into what is today Connecticut to warn members of her fathers militia that the British were about to attack their neighborhood. Fast Facts: Sybil Ludington Known For: Warning the Colonial militia that the British were comingBorn: April 5, 1761 in Fredericksburg, New YorkParents: Col. Henry Ludington and Abigail LudingtonDied: February 26, 1839 in Unadilla, New YorkEducation: UnknownSpouse: Edmond OgdenChildren: Henry Ogden Early Life Sybil Ludington was born on April 5, 1761, in Fredericksburg, New York, the eldest of 12 children of Henry and Abigail Ludington. Sybils father (1739ââ¬â1817) was a prominent figure in Fredericksburg- he had taken part in the Battle of Lake George in 1755 and served in the French and Indian War. He owned about 229 acres of undeveloped land in what is today New York State, and he was a mill owner. As a farmer and mill owner in Patterson, New York, Ludington was a community leader and volunteered to serve as the local militia commander as war with the British loomed. His wife Abigail (1745ââ¬â1825) was a cousin; they married on May 1, 1760. As the eldest daughter, Sybil (spelled Sibel or Sebel in documentary records) assisted with childcare. Her ride in support of the war effort is said to have taken place on April 26, 1777. Sybils Ride According to the story as reported in a 1907 biography of Colonel Ludington, on Saturday night, April 26, 1777, a messenger arrived at Colonel Ludingtons home, saying that the town of Danbury had been burned by the British, and the militia was needed to furnish the troops for General Gold Selleck Silliman (1732ââ¬â1790). The members of Ludingtons militia were scattered in their homes, and the Colonel needed to stay at his residence to muster the troops. He told Sybil to ride for the men and tell them to be at his house by daybreak. She did, riding on a horse with a mans saddle, bearing the news of the sack of Danbury. By daybreak, nearly the whole regiment was mustered at her fathers house and they went out to fight the battle. Mapping the Ride In the 1920s, historians of the Enoch Crosby Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) mapped the possible route of Sybils ride using a list of the locations of the militia members and a contemporary map of the region. It was estimated to have been about 40 miles, three times as long as that of Paul Reveres ride. By some accounts, she traveled on her horse, Star, through the towns of Carmel, Mahopac, and Stormville, in the middle of the night, in a rainstorm, on muddy roads, shouting that the British were burning Danbury and calling out the militia to assemble at Ludingtons home. The 400-some troops were not able to save the supplies and the town at Danbury- the British seized or destroyed food and munitions and burned the town- but they were able to stop the British advance and push them back to their boats, in the Battle of Ridgefield on April 27, 1777. Becoming a Heroine The earliest report of Sybils ride we have is from over a century later, an 1880 account in a book named History of the City of New York: Its Origin, Rise and Progress by Martha J. Lamb. Lamb said she had gotten her information from the family and had used a wide array of correspondence and interviews with private individuals, as well as genealogical references. The 1907 reference cited above is a biography of Colonel Ludington, written by historian Willis Fletcher Johnson and privately published by Ludingtons grandchildren, Lavinia Ludington and Charles Henry Ludington. Sybils ride only takes up two pages (89ââ¬â90) of the 300-page book. The surmised route for the ride was marked by historical markers to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the American Revolution: theyre still there today, and theres a tale about the existence of Sybils Oak and that her horse was called Star. Writer Vincent Dacquino reports that according to records assembled in the 1930s, George Washington visited the Ludingtons to thank Sybil, but letters describing that visit were lost even then. Legacy of Sybil Ludington In a 2005 article, historian Paula Hunt tracked down the available information about Sybil, and describes the growth of the story in importance throughout the 20th century, setting its various meanings within the context of current events. In the Victorian era, the American Revolution was an important meme about nativism: groups like the DAR (established in 1890), the Colonial Dames of America (1890), and the Mayflower Descendants (1897)à all were situating descendants of people in the original 13 colonies as real Americans, in comparison to new immigrants. During the Great Depression, Sybils ride became an icon of the ability for ordinary people to perform extraordinary feats during times of adversity. In the 1980s, she represented the growing feminist movement, highlighting the way womens roles in history have been forgotten or downplayed. When those tales compared her favorably to Paul Revere (three times as long as Reveres ride, and she wasnt captured by the British), the story was attacked as fraudulent and feminist-biased: in 1996, the DAR refused to put a marker on her grave establishing her has a recognized patriot. The group eventually changed its mind in 2003. Its a Great Story, But... Sybil Ludington was a real person, but whether her ride happened or not has been debated. Since the original publication of the tale nearly a century after it is said to have occurred, Sybils story has been embellished: there are numerous childrens books, television programs, and poems written about her. A 4,000-pound sculpture of her ride was erected on the shores of Lake Gleneida in 1961, a U.S. postage stamp featuring her was issued in 1975, an episode of the PBS TV Series Libertys Kids featured her; and there has even been a musical and an opera performing her story. The Annual Sybil Ludington 50 / 25 K Run has been held in Carmel, New York every year since 1979. As Paula Hunt puts it, the Sybil story, whether it actually happened or not, indicates that people are, despite their reputation, interested in the past. Sybils ride has become a dramatic origin myth about American identity, as a heritage and as civic engagement, it embodies courage, individuality, and loyalty. Marriage and Death Sybil herself married Edmond (sometimes recorded as Edward or Henry) Ogden on October 21, 1784, and afterward lived in Unadilla, New York. Edmond was a sergeant in the Connecticut regiment; he died on September 16, 1799. They had one son, Henry Ogden, who became a lawyer and a New York State Assemblyman. Sybil applied for a widows pension in April 1838 but was turned down because she couldnt provide evidence of their marriage; she died in Unadilla on February 26, 1839. Sources Dacquino, Vincent T. Patriot Hero of the Hudson Valley: The Life and Ride of Sybil Ludington. Charleston SC: The History Press, 2019.à Sybil Ludington. Forgotten Voices. JCTVAccess KJLUââ¬â¢s News Department, YouTube, February 19, 2018.Hunt, Paula D. Sybil Ludington, the Female Paul Revere: The Making of a Revolutionary War Heroine. The New England Quarterly 88.2 (2015): 187ââ¬â222.Johnson, Willis Fletcher. Colonel Henry Ludington: A Memoir. New York: Lavinia Ludington and Charles Henry Ludington, 1907. rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8800796179650137360.post-21528960981776793932020-02-14T20:15:00.001-08:002020-02-14T20:15:02.811-08:00Portfolio Part A - Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsPortfolio Part A - Review - Article Example e to strict the definition of rhetoric as persuasion they asked the rhetoric scholars to explore other forms of rhetoric thoughts which was then told ââ¬Å"invitational rhetoricâ⬠. Invitational rhetoric was a civil approach. Issue was also sorted out by simply studying the critiques on rhetoric concepts and difficulties in addressing the medium which scopes were limited by rhetoric concepts. In this journal traditional definitions of rhetoric thoughts were challenged and then examined as the invitational rhetoric concepts. These concepts of invitation rhetoric were considered as civil approach even up till now. They carried the theory given by Griffin and Foss 1995 and described as a different and a unique type of communication that had gone beyond rhetoric as persuasion. Another main finding was that invitational rhetoric was adopted to have an exchange of information in the environment based on equality, value and civility. Studies result better when work with many other researchers in the field. The authors could have worked with more theories related to civil approach communication. The search related to feminism could also have been included to high the studies of this article. As it is talked about exchange of information in in-equal environment a lot in this article so the primary data collection and interpretation would have helped a lot in the obtaining of true rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8800796179650137360.post-23094631583470614292020-02-02T00:29:00.001-08:002020-02-02T00:29:02.484-08:00Information technology revolution impact on the third world countries EssayInformation technology revolution impact on the third world countries - Essay Example Besides, one of the signs of the extent of attention and alertness dedicated to information and communication technology globally is its immense contribution to the global GDP, which augmented from 5.5% in the past years to 6.75% contemporarily. Moreover, the size of this sector in the contemporary or present world tallies to 2.5 trillion dollars globally. Furthermore, the implication of ICT on the level of productivity and the GDP is overtly consummate, and a single illustration of this factual statement is the yearly growth rate of prime monetary systems such as the U.S.A., which notably augmented from approximately 1.4% for up to 1995 to the eventual or present 2.3% up to the year 2000. Notably, this augmentation attributes to the augmented productivity in diverse sectors of the community, with close regard to the ICT contribution of 75%. Moreover, in the Australian monetary system, ICT has augmented productivity in virtually all economic sections by approximately 30%. A further positive implication of ICT on the global perspective is that its industries are effectually aiding in the complete diversification of capital sources and structuring of new immensely paying job opportunities for the people (Chandra 144). Moreover, this reduces the current unemployment rate and notably augments income of a common inhabitant. Saudi Arabia is a conferrable nation in whose case ICT has immensely contributed more than 15% of the GDP. Additionally, another feature of ICT on the global perspective is that its penetration into diverse fields and dispensations with a general purpose of enabling or activating technology. This happens via ICT providing a ready platform for virtually all sectors of the economy. In this case, it has contributed immensely to numerous sectors of the economy in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, this comes as an addition rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8800796179650137360.post-9307588362295155602020-01-24T20:51:00.001-08:002020-01-24T20:51:03.800-08:00The Declaration Of Language :: essays research papers When, in the course of human language, it becomes necessary for people to create or redefine, words or phrases to express an object or an action; and to assume, among society, the acceptance and usage of these words and their definitions, in oneââ¬â¢s own language, or idiolect. A decent respect to the opinions of mankind, requires that Americans should recognize slang adopted into language. We hold these truths to be self-evident: that language is expression of thought, in the form of speech or written symbols, that have agreed-upon meanings. That, many large speaking languages contain dialects, or other versions of languages within a community, that are different in some aspects of grammar, pronunciation, or vocabulary. That, because language is a form of oneââ¬â¢s own ideas and expression, everyone possesses his or her own individual language, or idiolect. That, not only does perception change language, but that language changes perception. That, through the course of history, idiolects have shaped dialects, which have shaped language, which in turn, have shaped concepts. Conservatives, indeed, will dictate that languages will follow a narrow path toward a standard language. And accordingly, expression will follow the rules and guidelines that limit thought, rather than the ability to rethink old vocabulary and enrich new ones. When we speak, write, learn, and think in a slowly evolving vocabulary, which does not adapt to the more rapid introduction of cultures, concepts, fashion, and technology, we must add new meaning to conventional vocabulary. Such has been the language of Conservative American English speakers and writers, who have discouraged the use of creative language and the use of dialects and idiolects. Many individuals have not noticed that new vocabulary is, at many times, adopted into oneââ¬â¢s language. A large number of slang words and phrases have been considered standard in todayââ¬â¢s daily speech. To prove this, let us claim a few of the many slang terms that have been adopted. Slang has been used, where other words seemed unfit to describe a thought or feeling: "Awesome." "Radical." "Cool." "Far Out" New words that were created to describe new technology: A "cellular" or mobile telephone. The "internet" or the computer and modem accessed information highway. "Electronic mail" or computer generated mail. A "beeper" or an electronic paging device. Metaphors, similes, and creativeness also create slang: A coward is a "chicken." Money is "bread." A "ride" is a car. One thousand dollars is a "grand." People eat "grub." Smoking marijuana is the same thing as smoking "weed" or "pot. rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8800796179650137360.post-35242360422701650232020-01-16T17:15:00.001-08:002020-01-16T17:15:03.932-08:00Adr in an Era of Globalisation: an Indian PerspectiveIn a country with a population in excess of a billion, and plagued by an underfunded court structure full of corrupt and ineffecient officers, we are looking at decades of stagnation, a backlog of cases in excess of 29 million, across the state-level courts, the twenty-one high courts and the supreme court. According to Global Corruption Report 2007: Corruption in Judicial Systems, Indians shelled out an estimated $600 billion as bribes to the judiciary, which is higher than the bribes paid out in any other sector in the court. This long gestation period of litigation has resulted in a large scale loss of confidence in the judiciary, with a growing number of people opting to stay away from court. Enter alternate dispute resolution. It is this plethora of people who are prime targets of an alternate dispute mechanism. The prime time solution to the snail's pace discharge of cases. The main selling point of arbitration is the speedy and cheap resolution of disputes outside of a courtroom. While arbitration is a product of a private agreement, once an arbitration award is rendered, the prevailing party can seek to have that award confirmed by the courts, and, having done so, can invoke the coercive power of the state to enforce it in the same manner as it could a court judgment. Initially received with skepticism by the courts in various countries, arbitration is now being embraced as an effective form of alternate dispute resolution. As a result of the burgeoning international trade and an explosion in the foreign direct investment numbers in the country, arbitration and other forms of alternate dispute resolution are becoming more and more indispensable. One of the major problems with foreign litigation is that foreign judgments are subject to several layers of appellate review, whereas, foreign awards are much easier to enforce in different sovereign states. Arbitration is particularly successful in fields like construction, where a certain amount of expertise is required while resolving disputes, of which there is paucity in the courts. Arbitrators are chosen from the same industry, and are generally required to resolve disputes based on fact rather than legal issues. Most companies prefer such a business approach to resolution of disputes, rather than a legal approach. Arbitration in India was first governed by the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1940, which was later replace by the 1996 Act. The 1996 Act was designed primarily to implement the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration and create a pro-arbitration legal regime in India. This Act was largely aimed at subduing the loopholes which allowed for excessive judicial intervention in the 1940 Act. Some of the features of judicial review The words in Section 30 of the 1940 Act read ââ¬Å"shall not be set asideâ⬠took away the jurisdiction of the courts to set aside an award except on one or more of the grounds specified in the section. Amended in 1996, however, the section re-numbered section 34 reads ââ¬Å"An award may be set aside only ifâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ Hence, the court has no jurisdiction to set aside an award on any other grounds. This amendment was brought with an intention to reduce the scope of judicial review to allow for a minimum level of court intervention. In R. S. Avtar Singh & Co. v. N. P. C. C. Ltd. , the court commented on the nature and extent of the courtââ¬â¢s jurisdiction: It is a well settled principle of law that the award of the arbitrator who is a chosen judge of facts and of law between the parties cannot be set aside unless an error is apparent on the face of the award or it can be inferred from the award that the arbitrator has misconducted himself or the proceedings or that he has not applied his mind to the material facts. Hence, the court is not sitting in appeal on the award, nor can it re-examine the material which was adduced before the arbitrator. The court cannot examine the correctness of the award on merits nor it is obligatory for the arbitrator to give detailed reasons. Unless the court comes to the conclusion that the award is preposterous, it cannot set aside nor substitute its own decision in place of the arbitrator. In short, the arbitrator is the final judge of facts and law, and the arbitral award is not open to challenge on the ground that the arbitrator has reached a wrong conclusion or failed to appreciate the facts. Section 31 (3) of the new Act of 1996 states that an arbitral award shall state the reasons upon which it is based, unless the parties have agreed otherwise, or the award is agreed on the terms enumerated under Section 30. This was reiterated by the court in the case of Tamil Nadu Electricity Board v. Bridge Tunnel Construction Co.. The rationale behind this order of the court is to ensure that the arbitrator acts capriciously, and to give the parties assurance that the grounds for the course of action chosen by him and reasonable and just. At the same time, however, to ensure the finality of the award, reasonable of reasons given by an arbitrator cannot be challenged on merits. Why judicial review? The main purpose of arbitratorââ¬â¢s is to try to decide disputes correctly on the basis of the applicable law, and subsequently, explain the rationale for their decision. The need for a provision for judicial review in the field of arbitration is born out of the stateââ¬â¢s concern to maintain the integrity of the arbitral process, and maintain a balance between party autonomy and the laws of the land. Judicial review is primarily intended to guard against arbitrariness of awards, and to ensure that the law of the land is followed within the stateââ¬â¢s jurisdiction. No doubt judicial intervention is a requisite in the field of arbitration which lacks a certain decisional law in the matter. However, the issue to be addressed is to what extent, and an attempt is to be made to define the scope of this judicial intervention. To what extent can courtââ¬â¢s come forward and substitute their judgment for the arbitral award? Parties who are dissatisfied with arbitration awards often call upon the courts for review. Procedurally, review is sought in an action to modify the award or set it aside; by way of defense, in a proceeding brought to enforce the arbitrator's decision; or, by way of replication, in an action where the dissatisfied party has sued on his original claim and the satisfied party has pleaded the award. One of the major problems with the 1996 Act, is that a person aggrieved by an arbitral award has to start right from the District court in order to hallenge an award. Additionally, in two recent Supreme Court decisions, Oil & Natural Gas Corporation v. SAW Pipes and SBP v. Patel Engineering, the scope of judicial review has been widened by interpreting anything contrary to ââ¬Å"public policyâ⬠as being ââ¬Å"patently illegalâ⬠, and since any award which contravenes Indian statutory provisions is patently illegal, it is also contrary to public policy, and hence, subject to the j udicial review of courts. Generally speaking, arbitral awards are not subject to appeal. However, in most countries, including India, there are provisions to set aside an award in extreme cases. Judicial review of foreign arbitral awards generally falls into two categories. First, the reviewing court inquires whether requirements of natural justice were observed in the arbitration proceeding and whether the arbitration agreement is valid under the applicable law. Failing so, the arbitral award will be denied recognition or enforcement on the grounds that the fundamental requirements of natural justice or legality have not been met. Subsequently, the court inquires into the merits of the award, that is, whether the arbitral body has committed an error in rendering the award. The question of judicial review, however, is a two-headed coin. On the one hand, limiting the scope of judicial review reaffirms the roots of arbitration, that is efficient and speedy resolution of disputes. Conversely, however, widening the scope of judicial review defeats the very concept of finality of an arbitral award, and hence, moving back to square one of the legal court system. Why not? The way in which the proceedings under the Act are conducted and without an exception challenged in courts has made lawyers laugh and legal philosophers weep. Experience shows and law reports bear testimony that the proceedings under the Act have become highly technical accompanied by unending prolixity at every stage providing a legal trap to the unwary. An informal forum chosen by the parties for expeditious disposal of their disputes has by the decisions of the courts been clothed with ââ¬Å"Legaleseâ⬠of unforeseen omplexity. To the critics of judicial review of arbitral proceedings, the likelihood and to an extent, inevitability of judicial review serves as a serious deterrent to individuals and companies seeking arbitration as a solution to commercial disputes. A certain school of thought views arbitration as a mere dress rehearsal for subsequent litigation, and disregards judicial review as a mere interference to the finality of the arbitral award. India is a co untry growing in leaps and bounds, with the coming of globalization. Being a country looking to attract more foreign investment, developing a fool-proof, cost-efficient and speedy legal system is vital. When a foreign company explores the prospects of investing in India, they factor in the possible legal costs, and the opportunity to settle disputes through arbitration quickly and cheaply is an attractive selling point. However, with increasing judicial intervention, and the inevitability of ending up in court, hassle-free dispute resolution is no longer a pro on their list of proââ¬â¢s and conââ¬â¢s. Hence, the 1996 Act was passed with the objective to minimize the supervisory role of the courts in the arbitral process. The very epitome of minimal judicial intervention is contained in Section 5 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, which reads: ââ¬Å"Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, no judicial authority is to intervene except as provided in the Actâ⬠Section 34 of the Act imposes certain restrictions on the right of the court to set aside an arbitral award, and the limited grounds on which the award can be challenged have been enumerated. The five grounds upon which an award can be set aside as per Section 34 (2) (a) are: -Incapacity of parties -Non-existence or invalidity of arbitration agreement -Exceeding jurisdiction -Non-compliance of due process -Composition of arbitral tribunal As per Section 34 (2) (b), an arbitral award may also be set aside by the court on itââ¬â¢s own initiative if the subject matter of the dispute is not arbitrable or the impugned award is in conflict with the public policy of India. Public policy, however, has not been defined anywhere in the Act. Borrowing the definition of public policy from Section 23 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872: ââ¬Å"The consideration or object of an agreement is lawful, unless ââ¬â it is forbidden by law; or is of such nature that, if permitted, it would defeat the provisions of any law; or is fraudulent; or involves or implies injury to the person or property of another; or the court regards it as immoral, or opposed to public policy. â⬠The court, over the years, has subscribed to varying conceptions of public policy, swinging between the narrow view and the broader view. In Gherulal Parakh v. Mahadeodas Maiya, the court favoured the narrower view, and commented that: ââ¬Å"â⬠¦though the heads are not closed and though theoretically it may be permissible to evolve a new head under exceptional circumstances of a changing world, it is admissible in the interest of stability of society not to make any attempt to discover new heads in these days. â⬠With respect to public policy in the field of arbitration, the court held in Renusagar Power Co. Ltd. v. General Electric Co. , that in order to attract the bar of public policy the enforcement of the award must invoke something more than the violation of the law of India. It was held that the enforcement of a foreign award would be refused on the ground that it is contrary to public policy if such enforcement would be contrary to: -Fundamental policy of Indian law -The interest of India -Justice or morality The court in recent times, however, has subscribed to the broader view of public policy, choosing to widen the scope of judicial review. A landmark judgment in this respect is Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. v. SAW Pipes Ltd.. The crux of the case was that the arbitral tribunal had failed to take into account Section 73 and 74 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. The major issue, however, that it dealt with was whether the Court would have jurisdiction under Section 34 of the 1996 Act to set aside an award passed by the Arbitral Tribunal which is patently illegal or in contravention of the provisions of the Act, or any substantive law governing the parties, or is against the terms of the contract. The judgment of the court in this case, not only negated the purpose of the 1996 Act, but also widened the scope of judicial review beyond the realms provided for in the 1940 Act as well. It was held that an award is opposed to ââ¬Å"public policyâ⬠under the same heads laid down in Renusagar Power, but also if it is: -Patently illegal -So unfair and unreasonable that it shocks the conscience of the court Another important judgment of the Supreme Court in 2005 was SBP & Co. v. Patel Engineering, which sanctioned further intervention in the judicial process. The case dealt with the appointment of an arbitrator by the Chief Justice, and the contention was that the Chief Justice could adjudicate on contentious preliminary issues such as the existence of a valid arbitration agreement. The court agreed, while holding that the Chief Justiceââ¬â¢s findings would be final and binding on the arbitration tribunal. This judgment makes a mockery of the principle of Kompetenz Kompetenz, which is the power of an arbitral tribunal to determine its own jurisdiction, enshrined in Section 16 of the 1996 Act. This opens up a Pandoraââ¬â¢s box of opportunity for parties to sabotage the appointment process of arbitrators and make spurious arguments simply to delay the arbitration proceedings. Looking Ahead It is easy to forget the purpose of arbitration and get carried away with the nuances of the law. Therefore, in an attempt to move forward, it is important to incorporate the very aspect of finality and amicable resolution in the contract itself. Of course the most apparent solution at the face of it is to close all doors to review of the award by incorporating a clause for the same in the contract. However, this can only be done at the risk of receiving an award not in line with the principles of natural justice. On the legislatureââ¬â¢s part, the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003, currently pending before the Parliament, proposes to introduce a new section 34A, which would allow an award to be set aside ââ¬Å"where there is an error apparent on the face of the arbitration award giving rise to a substantial question of lawâ⬠. This narrows the scope for review laid down by the SAW Pipes ruling, but it still affords losing parties an opportunity to approach courts in an attempt to second ââ¬â guess arbitral tribunals, very similar to the position during the applicability of the 1940 Act. An interesting avenue to be explored in the future, particularly in the case of contracts involving large sums of money, is a system of contemporary and concurrent dispute resolution, involving the establishment of Dispute Review Boards (DRBs). This system has been adopted by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI), Maharashtra Sewerage Board and Delhi Metro in recent times. A Dispute Review Board basically consists of three experienced, respected and impartial reviewers. It is constituted before the commencement of the contract, and regular inspections are carried out to ensure smooth functioning of the contract and ensure good working conditions. This serves to familiarize the reviewers with the job process and the basic environment as well, so that in case a dispute arises, a well-informed decision can be made. In such a case, a hearing is convened where the reviewerââ¬â¢s hear arguments of both sides and after deliberation submit a non-binding recommendation to the contractors. rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8800796179650137360.post-20332193232374791972020-01-08T13:38:00.001-08:002020-01-08T13:38:05.005-08:00Dividend Policy And Share Price Finance Essay - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 5202 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? This section highlights the relationship between dividend policy and share price with the views of various researchers in order to specifyconsiderateregarding the related studies. The next following part will feature the intense research by financial academic on company dividend policy to determine a link between dividend policy and value of firm. This section will get sum up after showing different researchers outlook over Indian Scenario. Dividend Policy and Share Price When year 1980s numerous share market literatures saw the present value of dividends to be prevailing determinant of market return on stocks. As per LeRoy and Porter and Shiller (1981), they reasoned that under surmise of consistent discount component, stock costs were excessively volatile to be steady with the movement of future dividends. Wohar and Mark (2006) stated that the corrosion of stock price movement is quit sensitive to real dividend growth as well. Though, Cochrane (1992) and Timmerman (1995) contended that stock price changes might be described by time- varying markdown rate and future abundance return. The founding build by Cochrane (1992) on variability of abundance return is to be more essential than the variability of dividend growth. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dividend Policy And Share Price Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Nishat and Irfan (2003) investigated the dividend policy and stock price movement in Pakistan. Both the dividend policy measures, dividend yield any payout proportion, have noteworthy effect on the share price movement. Moreover, their outcome also upkeep the arbitrage realization effect, duration effect and information effect in Pakistan. The approachability of dividend yield toward stock price movement expanded but payout ratio is having noteworthy effect at a lower level if importance only. An auspicious firm earns income. The profit spread to shareholder as dividends. In this way, the link between companys profit and dividend payout is explored by Amidu and Abor (2006) in Ghana. They thought that dividend payout proportion furnished firm with no usually accepted recommendation for the level of dividend payment that will boost share value. In this sense, share price movement is act contrariwise with the dividend payout ratio. Amidu and Abor (2006) believe is reinforced by the recognizing that they done in Ghana, in which their examination consequences demonstrated a statistically meaningful and positive connection between profitability and dividend pay out ratio. In the interim, the theory on the negative connection between share value and dividend payout ratio is affirmed as well. As per Graham and Dodd (1951) and Gordon (1959), they contended that an increase in dividend payout advances to higher stock price (companys value) and bring down the cost of equity. Though, some experimental indicated the inverse position. Peterson (1985) reported that with high-elevated dividend payout ratio, heightened returns are needed by firms shareholder, and this is lead to lower share price. Baker, Powell and Veit (2002) have researched the link between dividend policy, firm value and share price movement. They found an optimal dividend policy strikes an offset in middle of present dividends and future growth that maximize stock price. They also found that stock price volatility is low if dividend approach is stable. Additionally, the smoothing theory suggest that the dividend determination is the outcome of past and current earning which manager modifies firms dividend payout to some target level. In the mean time, the indicating speculation indicates that dividend have projecting power of future earning and share prices (Goddard, McMillan and Wilson, 2006). In different statement, there is a positive relationship between dividend, earning and share price. Dividend decisions are joined to companys future anticipated income, and dividend updates ought to indicate future earning updates and price changes as well. This moreover upheld by the consequence of the study work of Goddard, McMillan and Wilson (2006) in which there is a strong proof of a contemporaneous connection between share price, dividend and profit for 137 United Kingdom Production and Utility groups. Amidu and Abor (2006) analysis infer that, profitable firms will almost always pay high dividend. The outcome additionally demonstrates negative relationship between dividend payout and risk. Firm which encountering earning volatility identify, its difficulty to pay dividend, along these line, the firm may pay less or no dividend to their shareholders. In this sense, the outcome indicates the vital relationship between dividends and earning and this connection could straight control that movement in share price. The firm may encountered high share price volatility if the firms earning volatility is influenced the decrease of dividend payment. Selective review of Literature After highlighting the correlation between dividend policy and share price, this part feature the review from various researchers over the subject: Experimental researches led to see the impact of dividend policy on stock price first incorporate the work of Linter. Linter (1956) reviewed the different determinants of corporate dividend policy and its impact on firms market value by managing the interview of top management of 28 firms. Effect of his investigation indicates that Firm Market Value relies on the Dividend Payout. His outcome further demonstrate that firms wish to follow the stable dividend payout policies and for this reason they need to alter their profit. Baskin (1989) thought about the effect of dividend policy on stock price volatility and found converse connection between stock price and dividend strategy. Further in his study, he demonstrated that there is noteworthy connection among Dividend Yield and price volatility. Profit, Firms size, Debt Level, Growth level and Dividend Payout in addition have a noteworthy effect on stock returns and dividend yield. Gordan(1963) gave the notion of dividend relevance and outcome of his research demonstrate that dividend policy have huge positive influence on stock price. Further he determines that the firm those pay higher amount of dividend to their shareholders, encounters less risk in terms of stock price volatility. Allen Rachim (1996) likewise focused the connection between dividend policy and stock price but found no connection in the middle of Dividend yield and stock prices. Fama and French (2001) analyses the issue of lower dividend paid by corporate firm over the period 1973-1999 and the components answerable for the downfall. Specially they examine whether lower dividend were the outcome of changing companys characteristics or lower tendency to pay on the part of the company. They recognize that proportion of firm paying dividend has dropped from a crest of 66.5 percent in 1978 to 20.8 percent in 1999. They ascribe this decay to the modifying characteristics of firms: the decline in the incidence of dividend payer is in part due to an increasing tilt of publicly traded firms toward the characteristics small size, low earnings, and high growth of firms that typically have never paid dividends Baker, Veit and Powell (2001) analysis the reasons that are supporting dividend policy decisions of corporate firms traded on the Nasdaq. The investigation, is grounded on the sample survey (1999) response of 188 firms out of the total of 630 firms that dividends in every quarter of calendar years 1996 and 1997, considers that the following four factors have a noteworthy effect on the dividend determination: pattern of past dividends, stability of earning and the level of present and future projected earning. The research project additionally identifies statistically important difference in the importance that managers connect to dividend policy in different businesses for example financial vs. non-financial. Travlos, Trigeorgos Vafeas (2001), analyzed the conduct of Cyprus stock Market toward the declaration of dividends. Consequences of their academic work demonstrated that the declaration of cash or stock dividends has positive impact on stock price. An analysis led by Ho (2002) applicable to the dividend policy indicated the positive connection in middle of Dividend policy and size of Australian firm and liquidity of Japanese firms. He further found negative connection in middle of dividend policy and risk, which occurred in case of Japanese firm only. Pradhan (2003) illustrated the impact of dividend payment and retained earning on Stock Market of Nepalese firms. His consequences indicated that dividend payment has convincing connection with stock price whereas retained earning has quit weak connection with stock price. Nepalese stockholders give additional weight to dividend income than capital gain. Adefila, Oladipo Adeoti (2004) thought about the reasons that can influence the dividend policy of Nigerian firms and its influence on stock price and companies value. Outcome of their investigation demonstrated that Nigerian shareholder do not utilize their stock for hypothetical purpose. They purchase stock for prestigious explanation and for get credit from banks. Their outcome in addition inferred that there is no connection between dividend payment, net earning and stock price. Nigerian firm pay dividends to their stakeholders paying little respect to their level of benefit for satisfaction of their shareholders. Additional anal ysis directed by Raballe Hedensted (2008) in Denmark for the period of 1988 to 2004 distinguished the position connection between cash dividend and return o equity, retained earning, size of firm and the previous year profit. They were unable to recognize any connection in middle of debt equity ratio and dividend decision of firm. Chen, Huang Cheng (2009) studied the impact of cash dividend on share price for the period of 2000-2004 in china. They discovered that cash dividend has quite positive impact on stock prices. When cash dividend expands stock price also increase and when the cash dividend decrease, share price decreases. Al-Kuwari (2010) studied that payout decision of the companies catalogued at GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) stock exchange, his outcome indicated that payout decision have positive impact on company size, profitability and ownership but have negative effect on Growth Opportunities. Ali Chowdhury (2010) investigated the price movement of private commercial banks catalogued at Dhaka Stock Exchange towards the dividend announcement. The took a sample of 25 banks and their outcome indicated that stock price for 11 bank diminished, 6 bank stock price increases, whereas 8 banks stock price remained unchanged when dividend were declared. In all sum outcome of their study indicated that there is insignificant connection among stock prices and dividends. Hussainey, Mgbame Chijoke-Mgbame (2011) examined the effect of dividend policy on stake price. Consequences of their investigation demonstrated a positive connection between Dividend Yield and stock price change and negative connection between Dividend Payout ratio and stock price changes. Their outcome further showed that the firms earning, Growth rate, level of debt and size also causes the change in stock prices of UK. Indian Scenario There are vey few researchers who gave their studies in India over dividend behavior. This section summaries briefly some of these studies: In Indian connection, a few findings have examined the dividend behavior of corporate firms. Among all the researchers the main contribution in Indian studies was given by Bhattacharya (1979).Bhattacharya (1979) develop a two-period model. His model determine that it is rash for bad-prospects firms to promise high level dividends, and just good-prospects firm can promise high level dividend without hurting log-term operation. Signaling hypothesis and asymmetric information holds an essential implication that is, unanticipated dividend updates ought to be gone with by stock price change in the same direction. Krishmurty and Sastry (1971) examined dividend behavior of Indian Chemical Industry for the period of 1962-1967 and undertook crossectional information of 40 Public Limited companies. The outcome disclosed that Linter model gives exceptional demonstration of dividend behavior. Dhameja (1978) in his research tested the dividend behavior of Indian companies by ordering them into s ize group, industry group, growth group and control group. The research found there was no statistically noteworthy connection between dividend payout, on the other hand and industry and size on the other. Growth was contrariwise related to dividend payout and was found to be noteworthy. The prevailing finish was that dividend decisions are preferable described by Lintners model with current profit and lagged dividend as informative variable. Mahapatra and Sahu (1993) found cash flow as a major determinant of dividend emulated by net earning.Bhat and Pandey (1994) undertook a review (survey) of managers view to dividend determination and found that manager notice current profit as the most noteworthy variable. Narsimhan and Asha (1997) recognized that the uniform tax rate of 10% on dividend as recommended by union budget 1997-98, adjust the interest of investor in favor of high payouts. Mohanty (1999) found that the firm, which issued bonus shares, have either upheld the payout at t he pre bonus level or just diminished it marginally thereby expanding the payout to shareholders. Narsimhan and Vijaylakshmi (2002) investigated the impact of ownership structure on dividend payout of 189 production firms. Regression analysis demonstrate that promoters holding Sujata Kapoor, JBS, JIIT, Dec 2009 of September 2001 has no impact on average dividend payout for the period 1997-2000. Anand Manoj (2002) examined the outcomes of 2001 survey of 81 CFOs of Business today-500 companies in India to figure out the determinants of the dividend policy decisions of the corporate India. He used factor analytic framework on the CFOs reaction to catch the determinants of the dividend policy of corporate India. The findings uncovered that large no. of firms have target dividend payout proportion and were in agreement with Lintners study of dividend policy. CFOs utilize dividend policy as an indicating tool to pass on qualified information on the current and future prospects of the firm and therefore influence its market value. The managers outline dividend policy following thinking seriously about the investors preference of dividend and clientele effect. Sen and Ray (2003) have illustrated a noteworthy phenomenon observing the key determinants of stock price in India. The research work is based upon the stocks covering BSE index over a period 1988-2000. The experimental resea rch uncovered dividend payout is clearly the single essential factor affecting stock price. The second factor comes earning per share, which has particularly powerless effect on stock price. So the research investigated one of the important factor dividend payout ratios having effect on Indian stock price. Reddy Y.Subba and Rath Subhrendu (2005) examined Dividend trends for huge samples of stocks traded on Indian market showed that the rate of firms paying dividend declined from over 57% in 1991 to 32% 2001, and that just a few firms paid customary dividends. Dividend paying companies were less likely to be larger and additional profitable than non-paying communities, however growth opportunities do not appear to have essentially influenced the dividend policies of Indian firms. The ascent of the number of firms not paying dividend is not supported by the necessities of cash for investments. Sharma Dhiraj (2007) observationally examined the dividend behavior of select Indian firms listed on BSE from 1990 to 2005. The study investigated whether or not the dividend are still in trend in India and attempted to judge the applicability of one of the two extremely inverse schools of thoughts relevance and irrelevance of dividend decision. The study also examined the applicability of tax structure in the Indian perspective. The finding offered mixed and uncertain outcomes about tax theory showing that the alteration in the tax structure does not have a significant impact on dividend behavior of firm. Thirumalvan Sunita (2005) analyzed the effect of share repurchases Dividend announcement on stock price in the connection of Indian corporate sector throughout the period (2002-2004). They examined the signaling effect of stock repurchases and dividend announcements. The research studied examined abnormal returns across various repurchase level. They have taken the firms recorded in the BSE index for the motivation behind experimental studies. The study blankets the effect on stock price five days prior and after the dividend declaration. The outcome displays the upward trend of share price movement after the dividend declaration. The essential purpose of their finding is that existed just for a day following the declaration. After which the degree of positivism of allotment begins declining. Their conclusion indicates the market reaction in the Indian context to events or declaration for example share repurchases and dividends for the most part vary around day or a few. Various clashing theoretical models, all needing strong experimental support, outline latest attempts by examiners in finance to describe the dividend phenomenon. However to come with strong result an serious study of all theoretical models together with experimental evidence is required. The noteworthy literary work on dividend policy have been unable to get a accord on study on the general dividend hypothesis in the last five year that can either illustrate the method of dividend decision making or foresee an optimal dividend policy. Consequently it ends up being essential to study dividend behavior of Indian companies utilizing the outline of empirical models. The main objective of this study is to compare the study done by different researchers in Indian context over the impact of dividend policy on market value of firm. The next chapter will demonstrates the different methodologies used by these researchers in order to study. Chapter 4: Research Methodology This chapter highlights the methodology adopted in the research has been discussed here. It frame out the different measurements of the research and the method keep on for the comparison of researches of different researchers in the reference of Dividend Policy and Share value for the study. For this purpose the study has collected the data from the research paper of the researchers and demonstrated the different methodologies by different researchers. Further tools and techniques followed by the researchers for understanding the subject are also bought in this part. The main approach followed in this paper is qualitative research in which comparison has been done between the researches of three researchers. The comparison is basis on availability of data through website and journals. The comparison study has been performed because of the expensiveness and free unavailability of data of different sectors, which led to approach a qualitative research rather than quantitative. By follo wing comparative study this paper aim to find out the most favorable research among three. The data used in this research is all secondary data. Introduction of Research Methodology Research Methodology is a way to discover the consequence of a given situation on a particular matter or situation that is likewise pointed as research problem. In Methodology, researchers utilizes distinctive criteria for solving/searching the given study problem. Diverse origins utilize distinctive sort of techniques for tackling the problem. Assuming that we consider the expression Methodology, it is the way of looking or tackling the study difficulty. But every research is incomplete without designing it. This research design is conducted on two approaches: Qualitative and Quantitative. Qualitative research: Qualitative research is the methodology for the most part connected with the social constructivist standard, which highlights the socially built nature of actuality. It is in regards to recording, examining and endeavoring to reveal the deeper importance and meaning. Quantitative research: Quantitative research is usually connected with the positivist/post positivist paradigm. It normally includes gathering and changing over information into numerical shape with the intention that statistical figuring could be made and result drawn. Research Paradigm means a purpose by which researchers think about how they develop knowledge. The terminologies of research paradigm are positivism, interpretivism and realism.The main components of a paradigm are ontology, epistemology and methodology. Mainly the researches are done on the basis of certain collective data. These data are of 2 types: primary data and collective data. Primary data are those data that are collected from questionnaires, observations, interviews, data processing and so on. Whereas secondary data are those, which are collected from journals, internet, government publication, published books, newspapers and magazines etc. The data collected for this research is mainly basis on secondary data, which are gathered from journals and websites. Research Strategy by Different Researchers The research is comparative study of different researchers over different sectors of Indian firms. The study compared the different methodologies used by Pani (2008), Sujata Kapoor (2009), R. Azhagaiah Sabari Priya (2008). The studies of these researchers are chosen because of availability of their data and they have given revolutionary results in this reference. These researchers have contributed a lot in the research of dividend policy and share value over Indian firms. Following are outline of the different dimensions used by these researchers: Pani (2008) Pani (2008) in his research discussed the classical linear regression model and other tests. In his research he represents the hypothesis that dividends affect stock price or market value of the firm. The market value of the firm can be represented as: Market value of the Firm = f net profit, Dividends . Retained Earning The market value of the firm here is essentially acted for on the core of accounting Earning Analysis. Net profit in this equation is determined from the current investment of the firm. As higher the net profit the higher can be the stock price. The ratio of dividends to retained earnings is the factors on which market value of the firm also depends for the reason that the profit is mainly discriminated either dividend or retained earnings. In his research, he focuses over the context-specific Panel-Data models including the control variable like leverage ratio and the size of the firm. He has observed firm effect and time effect through the panel data estimation during the sample period. For his research purpose he derived the proposed model to analyze the impact of dividends on stock return. He has analyzed the issue over his proposed derived model. Instantaneously he has discussed other option, which were available for the analysis. He has analyzed the result of different industry aggregately in his study. The proposed Model is here: Macintosh HD:Users:rahul:Desktop:Screen shot 2012-09-18 at 9.54.18 PM.png Where, SZ = Ln (total Assets) Ãâà µi = Firm Specific component Eit= Disturbance Term Then he divided the null hypothesis or D/R ratio affects stock returns i.e. Ho: D/R affects Vit. Firstly he examined the result of the classical linear regression model and secondly panel data estimation. He defined four basic models, which he has estimated earlier continuing toward final examination. yit= ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ±+ Eit(No group effect or xs) yit=ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ±i +Eit(Group dummies only) yit =ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ±+ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ²Xit + Eit(Repressors only) yit =ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ±i+ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ²Xit +Eit(Xs and group effects) Model 1 on 2: H0: (no group effects on the mean of y) Model 1 on 3: H0: (no fit in the regression of y on xs) Model 1 on 4: H0: (no group effects or fit in regression) Model 2 on 4: H0: (group effects but no fit in regression) Model 3 on 4: H0: (fit in regression but no group effects) He has examined the set of data for using the panel data models with the help of above five different hypotheses. For the Food and Beverage, Mining Industry and Non-metallic Industry, the LR, F and LM test along with Hausman Specification Test supports the use of fixed effect models however for other services, Textile Industry and Mining Industry, the diagnostic test rejects the use of fixed effect models. Data Gathering In study he gathered all the data to achieve his objective from Prowess database of the CMIE (Centre for Monitoring on Indian Economy) in India. A sample of 500 companies from A1 and B1 groups of shares is chosen for experimental analysis. These samples were dividend into six different industries namely Electricity, Food and Beverage, Mining, Non-metallic, textile and service sector. His motive behind choosing these companies is the consistency with the dividend payment history for the study period 1996-2006. Though, his study has theorized the dependent variable(market value of firm) and the descriptive variables for example size of the firm, dividend to retain earning ratio and debt to equity ratio. The stock return is reflected as proxy for the market value of the firm as dependent variable and Ln (total assets of the firm) have been occupied as a proxy for rest of following variable. Sujata Kapoor (2009) Sujata Kapoor (2009) in her research has utilized several different tool and techniques and models namely Lintner model and event study to accomplishresearch objectives. Linter Model Linter(1956) introduced a model to concentrate on the determinant of the dividend behavior of American corporation considering that the dividend payout is a role of net current earning after tax(PAT) and dividend paid during the previous year i.e. lagged dividend (Div t-1). Companies choose to payout a settled proportion of their net profit as dividend to regular stakeholders; however in the view of their well known preference for constant dividends may attempt to succeed the target level just by a fraction of the amount demonstrated by the target payout ratio whenever profit changes. The above speculative definition of Lintner has been utilized as an estimating equation for corporate dividend in her study, which is as follow: D*it = ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ±iEit Dit -Di(t-1) = ai + Ci {D*it -Di(t-1)}+uit Where, D*it = desired dividend payment during period t Dit = Actual dividend payment during period t ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ±i = target payout ratio Eit = earning of firm during period t ai = a constant related to dividend growth Ci = partial adjustment factor uit = error term Dit Di(t-1) = ai + Ci{ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ±iEit Di(t-1)} + uit Dit = a + ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ±iCitEit + (1-Ci)Di(t-1) + uit Simplified further in the form of multiple regression equation, Dt=a+ ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ±iEit + Ci D (t-1) +uit To comprehend the connection between dividend and earning (PAT) a Multiple Regression Analysis was performed in respect of companies, which are constituent of CNX IT file, CNX FMCG file and CNX service Sector Index individually, for the panel data of 9 years i.e. from 2000 to 2008. Lintner Model Used: Y=ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ± + ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ²1X1+ ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ²2X2 + uit + ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà µit Where, Y= dependent variable (equity dividend in Rs. crore during period t) X1= independent variable (PAT) in Rs. Crore ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ± = Constant ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ²1= regression coefficient of PAT (target payout ratio) X2= Equity dividend during period t-1 ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ² 2= regression coefficient of dividend during period t-1 i.e. (1-c) and c is the adjustment factor. uit = firm specific components ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà µit = disturbance term Therefore, Target Payout ratio * adjustment factor = ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ²1 ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ±i* Ci = ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ²1 ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ±i*(1-ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ²2) = ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ²1 This implies ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ±I = target payout ratio = ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ²1/(1-ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ²2) Speed of adjustment factor=(1-ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà ²2) Hence, the regression results structures the groundwork of testing the applicability of Lintner model, which is a finance classic in each of he sectors. Event study To examine the impact of dividend announcement on shareholders wealth in the prescribed sectors in India Event Study approach has been utilized. Firstly, find the announcement date in each of the industries for the sample period from 2001 to 2008. Thus, 168-announcement date were taken from IT sector, 199 dates from FMCG and 202 from service sector. Secondly, 41 days has been taken which include 20 days before the events and 20 days after the events. Thirdly, daily-adjusted closing prices were taken for estimatingpredictable returns as per Market model. Fourthly, the aggregate abnormal returns were calculated with the help of average abnormal return to watch the reaction over a period of time. Finally, standard deviation of abnormal return has been used to calculate t-statistic to cross sectional. To evaluate the stock price reaction to dividend announcements, Return (Rit), which is the time t return on security i were figured as (Pit-Pit-1)/Pit-1 where Pit is the balanced closing price of the stock I on day t. Pit-1 is the balanced closing price of stock i on day t 1 Rit = (Pit Pit-1)/Pit-1 Likewise, the following formula were used to calculate return on Market Index, Rmt =(It -It-1)/It-1 After that following equation will be use to calculate abnormal return for each of the day in the event window: ARit = Rit -E (Ri,t) , t=(-20,-19ÃÆ'à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ãâà ¦ÃÆ'à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ãâà ¦20) Then, market model is used to estimate expected return. Estimation window of 150 days have been used, according to following equation: E(Rit) = ai + bi Rm,t+ei,t In which,Rm,t is the return on the market portfolio on day t substitute specific sector indices, ei,t is the random error term and ai and bi are market model parameter. According to the following formula the abnormal returns (ARs) averaged across the sample of firm: AARs =Avg(ARt) = (1/N) ARit Where, N is the number of sample observations. Therefore, to find out daily average abnormal returns, the abnormal return must divide by the number of days. The cumulative abnormal returns from day t1 through t2 ,CARt , are : CAARt = ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà £ Avg (ARt) where t = t1 to t2 CAAR can be positive and negative. Assuming that CAAR is negative in periods following dividend announcements, this intimates dividend announcements do not convey information about future earning and cash flows of the firm. A positive CAAR demonstrate allocation of dividend adds to shareholder value by passing on good news to the market. We utilize a 41day event window period beginning from -20 to +20 days relative to dividend announcement day (0 day). For the motive of analysis both interim and final dividend announcements has been taken. To calculate the t-statistic, to start with, all abnormal returns identical as: SAR it= ARit / Si (AR) Where, Si (AR) represents the standard deviation of the abnormal returns of stock i in the estimation period. For the sample of N observation for every day t in the window the t-statistic is calculated as: t(SAR) = (ÃÆ'à ½Ãâà £i=1 to N SAR it) .1/ÃÆ'à ¢Ãâ¹Ã¢â¬ Ãâ¦Ã ¡N Data Gathering Sujata Kapoor (2009) has gathered the secondary data for methodical and experimental study from Prowess database of CMIE (Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy). The analysis has been done on panel data in Lintner model. In this analysis the sample period is taken from 2000 to 2008. R. Azhagaiah Sabari Priya .N (2008) In their research, they haveanalyzed the impact of dividend policy on shareholder wealth over the organic and inorganic chemical industry of India. In that the have used multiple regression method and stepwise regression models by taking DPSit (Dividend per Share), RE it (Retained Earnings per Share), Pet-1 (Lagged Price Earning Ratio) and MPSit-1 (Lagged Market Price) (MVit-1) as independent variable, and MPSit (Market Price Per Share) as dependent variables. With the help of F value the co-efficient of determination (R2) has been tested, to determine the proportion of explained variation in the dependent variable. The tool used by them for analyzing data is following: MPSit = a + b DPSit + c REit + eit (1) MPSit = a + b DPSit + c REit + (PE)t-1 + eit (2) MPSit = a + b DPSit + c REit + (MPS)it-1 + eit (3) Where, MPSit Market price per share DPSit Dividend per share REit Retained Earning per share PEt-1 Lagged Price Earning Ratio MPSit-1 Lagged Market Price (MVit-1) The i denotes the ith company in the sample of n companies chosen from individual industry and every variable are measured in the ith time period. Closing price of share for year is used as a market price of a share. Mean, Standard Deviation, Multiple Regression Model and Stepwise technique has been used to analyze the data. Data Gathering Priya Azhagaiah (2008) also collected their data from PROWESS database of CMIE. The sample of 28 companies has been taken, which are registered in BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange) among them 19 were of organic and 9 were of inorganic using Multi-Stage Random Sampling Technique for the sample period of 1996-1997 to 2005 -2006. In this chapter it was easily shown that which method have they used to represent their research. This chapter has analyzed the various method, models, tools techniques utilized by Pani (2008), Sujata (2009) R. Azhagaiah Priya (2008). The table 4.1 will summarize this whole chapter in he tabular form: Table 4.1: showing the area of research and models used by three different researchers Researchers Pani (2008) Sujata Kapoor (2009) R. Azhagaiah Sabari Priya. N(2009) Area of Research Electricity industry, Food and Beverage, Non-metallic, Other industry Textile Mining IT Sector, FMCG (fast moving consumer goods), Service Sector Organic chemical companies, Inorganic chemical companies Sample Period 1996 to 2006 2000 to 2008 1997 to 2006 Models Adopted Classical linear regression model using panel data model Lintner Model Event study Multiple regression model Stepwise regression model rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8800796179650137360.post-55981619376997174852019-12-31T10:04:00.001-08:002019-12-31T10:04:03.450-08:00What Is De Facto Segregation Definition and Current Examples De facto segregation is the separation of people that occurs ââ¬Å"by fact,â⬠rather than by legally imposed requirements. For example, in medieval England, people were customarily segregated by social class or status. Often driven by fear or hate, de facto religious segregation existed in Europe for centuries. In the United States today, the high concentration of African-Americans in certain neighborhoods sometimes results in public schools with mostly black students, despite laws prohibiting intentional racial segregation of schools.à Key Takeaways: De Facto Segregation De facto segregation is separation of groups that happens because of fact, circumstances, or customs.à De facto segregation differs from de jure segregation, which is imposed by law.à Today, de facto segregation is most often seen in the areas of housing and public education. De Facto Segregation Definition De facto segregation is the separation of groups that happens even though it is not required or sanctioned by law. Rather than an intentionally legislated effort to separate the groups, de facto segregation is the result of custom, circumstance, or personal choice. So-called urban ââ¬Å"white flightâ⬠and neighborhood ââ¬Å"gentrificationâ⬠are two modern examples.à In the white flight de facto segregation of the 1960s and ââ¬Ë70s, millions of whites who chose not to live among blacks left urban areas for the suburbs. The satirical phrase ââ¬Å"There goes the neighborhoodâ⬠reflected the fear of white homeowners that the value of their property would fall as black families moved in.à Today, as more minorities move to the suburbs themselves, many whites are either moving back into the cities or to new ââ¬Å"exurbsâ⬠built beyond the existing suburbs. This reverse white flight often results in another type of de facto segregation called gentrification.à Gentrification is the process of renovating urban neighborhoods by an influx of more affluent residents. In practice, as wealthier people flow back into once-low-income neighborhoods, longtime minority residents are forced out by higher rents and property taxes based on higher home values. De Facto vs. De Jure Segregation In contrast to de facto segregation, which happens as a matter of fact, de jure segregation is the separation of groups of people imposed by law. For example, the Jim Crow laws legally separated black and white people in almost all aspects of life throughout the southern United States from the 1880s to 1964.à De jure segregation can breed de facto segregation. While the government can prohibit most forms of de jure segregation, it cannot change peopleââ¬â¢s hearts and minds. If groups simply donââ¬â¢t want to live together, they are free to choose not to do so. The aforementioned ââ¬Å"white flightâ⬠segregation illustrates this. Even though the Civil Rights Act of 1968 banned most forms of racial discrimination in housing, white residents simply chose to move to the suburbs rather than live with black residents. De Facto Segregation in Schools and Other Current Examples The U.S. Supreme Courtââ¬â¢s landmark ruling in the 1954 case of Brown vs. Board of Education, coupled with the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, effectively banned de jure segregation in education. However, de facto racial segregation continues to divide many of Americaââ¬â¢s public school systems today.à Since school district assignment depends partly on where students live, cases of de facto segregation can happen. Families usually prefer that their children attend schools near their homes. While this can have positive effects, such as convenience, and safety, it can also result in a lower quality of education in minority neighborhood schools. With school budgets dependent on property taxes, lower-income, often minority neighborhoods, tend to have inferior schools with inferior facilities. In addition, more experienced teachers choose to teach in better-funded schools in more affluent white neighborhoods. While school districts are allowed toââ¬âand sometimes doââ¬âconsider racial balance in their school assignment process, they are not required by law to do so.à Though federal laws and Supreme Court decisions protect against discrimination based on gender, de facto segregation based on biological sex is commonplace. De facto sex segregation is the voluntary separation of men and women occurring as a matter of personal choice according to generally-accepted social and cultural norms. De facto sex segregation is most commonly found in settings like private clubs, interest-based membership organizations, professional sports teams, religious organizations, and private recreational facilities.à Sources and Further Reference Kye, Samuel H. The Persistence of White Flight in Middle-Class Suburbia. Science Direct (May 2018).Greenblatt, Alan. White Flight Returns, This Time From the Suburbs. Governing (June 2018).Zuk, Miriam, et al. Gentrification, Displacement and the Role of Public Investment. University of California Berkeley (2015).Florida, Richard. This Is What Happens After a Neighborhood Gets Gentrified. The Atlantic (Sept. 16, 2015).Maslow, Will. De Facto Public School Segregation. Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law (1961).Cohen, David S. The Stubborn Persistence of Sex Segregation. Columbia Journal of Gender and Law (2011). rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8800796179650137360.post-4866936550350629232019-12-23T05:51:00.001-08:002019-12-23T05:51:03.409-08:00The Impact Of Global Competition On The American... The American automotive industry has been under a lot of pressure over recent years due to increased concern for the environment and increased global competition. An environmental scan on the American automotive industry shows that the global competition is a great cause for concern, new technology is providing an edge, emissions and laws regulating them are as tight as ever, and consumer opinion is reflecting concern for this. Global Competition Global competition in recent years has had a great effect on the American automotive industry. More efficient cars being developed overseas posed a threat to local companiesââ¬â¢ market shares (Investopedia, 2015). Market shares of largely well-known companies such as General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler all suffered losing between three and ten percent of their previously held market shares between 2000-2014 to foreign competitors (Investopedia, 2015). For decades, the United States had the best technological advances in the industry and it was very difficult for competition to survive. In response to this, companies overseas invested significant amounts of money into researching new innovations and ways to produce better automobiles than the United States (Investopedia, 2015). Also, because of the difference between currency values, the cost of labor in other countries is lower than here. This allows foreign companies to be able to sell their products at lower costs and attract cu stomers through undercutting their competitorsââ¬â¢Show MoreRelatedGlobal Competition Impact On The Automotive Industry Essay868 Words à |à 4 Pages According to National academies press, the U.S. automotive industry is composed of three major U.S.-based manufacturers (Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors), several non-U.S.-based (transplant) vehicle assemblers, and a vast network of parts and components suppliers. Collectively, the industry produces and sells approximately 15 million cars and light trucks each year. 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While Ford was not the original inventor the automobile, he created the first automobiles that were affordable, easy to drive and maintain, which made it possible for everyday people to own cars. Fordââ¬â¢s assembly line building technique became the benchmark for all the big auto manufacturesRead MoreAuto Industry : The American Automotive Industry886 Words à |à 4 Pagescurrently facing the American Automotive industry, especially in terms of environmental factors. The automotive industry has been around for a very long time, and is a relatively stable industry, but there are still areas where automotive companies need to adapt and if they fail to do so, they will be at a disadvantage against their peers, both here in America and also globally. In this essay I will break down a few of the issues that I believe are plaguing the American Automotive Industry. Since the 1960ââ¬â¢sRead MoreThe Global Competition Of The American Auto Industry1101 Words à |à 5 PagesThe American auto industry was the largest industry in the 1890s. This dominance was as a result of the size of the domestic market and the use of the mass-production. However, in the 1980s Japan became the largest auto industry, and then China in 2008. This has now placed the United States second among the largest auto industry globally. Such industry is dominated by three large companies known as the ââ¬ËBig Threeââ¬â¢. These include, General Motors (GM), Ford and Chrysler (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States)Read MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry Essay1121 Words à |à 5 PagesThis assignment is about the environmental challenges facing the American Auto Industry. The topics related to environmental challenges Iââ¬â¢m will discuss are global competition in the industry, new technology for powering the product that this industry produces, the effect of emissions on the environment and government reactions to this, and consumer opinions about the product your industry produces. The Auto Industry in the United States has flourished ever since its revolution in the early 1900sRead MoreThe American Automotive Industry : An Environmental Analysis768 Words à |à 4 Pages The American Automotive Industry: An Environmental Analysis The United States automotive industry is the largest in the world. Thirteen automotive manufacturers have assembly plants in the United States, as well as a growing number of suppliers and dealerships. From 2008 to 2012, automotive manufacturers in the U.S. produced an average of over 8 million vehicles annually (SelectUSA, n.d.). In addition to the big three American automakers ââ¬â General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler ââ¬â Honda, Toyota rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8800796179650137360.post-85405518144495971902019-12-15T02:21:00.001-08:002019-12-15T02:21:03.337-08:00New product marketing plan Free Essays In the market analysis, I intend to assess both the future and current market(s), positioning competitive conditions and any regulatory concerns that may exist in United States as Honda Company ventures into introducing bicycles in America. The potential for our product which is bicycles consists of quite a large and wide range of individuals who love outdoor sporting as well as those who have an interest in biking as a sport. This is also applies to the avid riders. We will write a custom essay sample on New product marketing plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now In other words, this group constitutes young people especially children who like to bike during their play time, those students who take on biking as their only means of transportation, and competitive riders as well as weekend riders. Targeting may occur in two main phases. The first one concerns the single segment which consists of a single product. This is whereby a single product is targeted by a marketer and this takes place in a market that consists of many segments. On the other hand, the second phase relates to a situation whereby a single product is aimed at the available market segments as a whole by a marketer. In this case, less importance is placed on differentiation as compared to cost. In addition, there is also multi segment system of approach whereby different segments in the market are targeted by a marketer and this also includes various products that are differentiated (Baker, 2003). The overall market for Honda is the United Statesââ¬â¢ market and companyââ¬â¢s target includes young families, children and sports men and women. The current population of people who use bicycles is high in the United States and this size is constantly increasing. This therefore provides a good potential market for Honda bicycles that are about to be introduced. As concerns the socio-cultural characteristics, our target market consists of people who are open as regards their culture, beliefs, values and lifestyles. United Statesââ¬â¢ citizens once believed that those people who ride bicycles were mostly trouble makers; this belief has drastically changed since the inception of Honda Company. This therefore means that the target market is bound to perceive the introduction of Honda bicycles as a good thing. As concerns, the economic background, the United States market consists of people who have above average earnings hence they are capable of purchasing these bicycles. This is also because they are likely to have disposable income. Moreover; the customer needs and requirements vary a lot. For instance, the primary needs for any children who might want to purchase bicycles concerns their safety, value and sound construction whereas a competitive circler will look for the productââ¬â¢s technological superiority, reliability and light-weight construction. Our target market intends to have young adults who earn $ 35,000 as their annual incomes and the avid riders who have an annual income of $45,000 and above and they should be aged between the ages of 25-44 years. As per our surveys, our consumers will be willing to pay $ 410.What will drive the demand for our bicycles are the reasonable prices that we are about offer to our esteemed customers, our brand image and high quality products (bicycles). Industry and Competitor Assessment. The main competitors include Yamaha from Japan, Bajaj Auto, TVs-Suzuki and Harley Division (HD). Harley Division is a strong company that is financially stable besides its constant growth. In addition, HD offers-low cost and high quality goods, they posses a brand image which is strong and adaptable and lastly the company has a strong global marketing and distribution system. As a result of these factors, the competition has managed to satisfy the needs of our proposed targets. The main competitive advantages that these competitors have include lower costs of goods that will enhance competition, mergers between them and this will adversely affect the current market share that Honda possess. These companies have established such a strong global competition because of the high quality and low priced goods that they offer. This also includes the brand images for their products which are also superior. Moreover, these companies offer advanced and high quality bicycles because they are knowledgeable on the greatest and current trends in the bicycle industry hence the ability to attract more customers both the old and the young population in United States. The other competitive advantage concerns the location of the business and also the reputation that they hold for their products among the majority population in United States. For instance, Mountainmart is also threatening competitors in the biking industry since they often apply a huge discount structure and commodity approach for its various product line. However, despite its price advantage, Mountainmart doesnââ¬â¢t offer a high performance service as well as bike lines. In addition, its location is not convenient as it is located far away from students who constitute the main target market. As a result, it does not portray as much competition to either of its competitors. However, Honda has also its own advantages that translate to its strengths giving the company a competitive edge over other business competitors. The company will produce and intends to offer a wide range of highly qualified bicycles which include comfort, mountain, childrenââ¬â¢s bicycles and hybrid. Since lifestyles are constantly changing, Honda Company is bound to offer a unique and healthy lifestyle with the current trend of bicycles that is bound to offer. Moreover, Honda also offers customer service which is excellent such as training, safety tips, instructions, repairs, bike fittings and proper use among others and this will be good aspect in tackling down our customers. Marketing Strategy Customers are the focal point as concerns the purchasing of products that organizations worldwide promote, development, and price and distribute hence this call for proper definition of these products so as to enhance and maximize consumer satisfaction. Positioning as a concept has in the past and even today changed the available nature that relate to advertising. The starting point for positioning relates to a service, an institution or merchandise. Positioning entails making the product to appear in a personââ¬â¢s mind (Ries and Trout, 2001). Positioning is therefore effective when it takes place at the right time. Getting into a personââ¬â¢s mind involves having the right messages fixed into peopleââ¬â¢s mind as this calls for an appreciation. Therefore our offering will be positioned through advertising so that people can be aware of the bicycles that we intend to introduce in the market. In advertising, enormous advantage is guaranteed for those products that are able to position themselves in the market as the first products hence it is essential to have very good products in the available particular fields in business. The marketing strategy of Honda will constitute the four elements of the marketing mix which include product, price, distribution (place) and promotion so as to make effective management decisions in order to attain the stated objectives of the firm. They will be blended in an optimal manner by the firm with an objective of getting a positive response from the consumers of goods and services in the market. This is because these four variables play the vital role in the decision making process by management. Products could either be goods or services that are available for consumer consumption. As concerns product decisions, the decisions that will be made may be based on appearance, service, function, warranty and packaging among others. Therefore the product decision at Honda will include differentiated products and different brands will be available for the bicycles. Honda intends to introduce bicycles that create a great appeal to the general public as well as the younger demographic hence creating a larger market share for the company (Gorchels, 2006). As regards pricing decisions, the need could occur under a number of specific circumstances for different types of products and services. For an existing brand or product the decision can incorporate increases, reductions and holding price. The major circumstances in which pricing decisions need to be made are: new product introduction, changes in external circumstances e.g. competitive action in raising and lowering of prices, raw material tax or any duty changes in the market structure, as well as other internal changes arising from new products and new processes. It is therefore vital for decisions made on pricing to consider the probable pricing and the profit margins of products. Discounts, financing and other various options such as licensing also constitute pricing decision. At Honda, pricing decisions and strategy, the decisions made will use the method of low-end targeting. This will enhance provision of these bicycles at lower prices so that everyone can afford to buy them (Gorchels, 2006). Placement decisions are mostly linked to various marketing channels of distribution which often provide the means for transferring these products so that they can get to the specified customers. Decisions that concern distribution include logistics, channel member selection, levels of service and market coverage. Honda plans to have dealers who will be used to distribute the bicycles to various destinations. These networks of dealers will be placed in various destinations so that potential consumers can access these products, merchandise or accessories. The company also hopes to use promotions such as shows, public relations and marketing programs in its distribution decision (Minzburg Quinn, 1991). On the other hand, decisions that are made relating to selling and communication towards potential consumers are referred to as promotion decisions. These decisions require a breakeven analysis as these costs may be large. The promotion strategy at Honda will be based on brand image, advertisements and commercials that will be available to all. The most effective means of communication for our product (bicycles) is the mass media method of communication. This method enhances the rate at which we can connect with our target customers. Public relations will also be part of our promotion strategy. It is a purposeful form of communication directed towards the publics by the organization with the objective of developing good will (Cooper Hiebing, 2004). Public relations is also future oriented and proactive hence the objective of maintaining and building an organizationââ¬â¢s positive perception. References Baker, M.J. (2003). The marketing Book. Elsevier. Cooper, W., Hiebing, R. (2004). The One-Day Marketing Plan. McGraw-Hill Professional. Gorchels, L. (2006). The Product managerââ¬â¢s handbook: Supplemental Worksheets and templates. McGraw-Hill Professional. Minzburg, H., Quinn, B. (1991). The Strategy Process. Prentice Hall. Ries, A., Trout, J. (2001).Positioning: The Battle for your mind. McGraw-Hill How to cite New product marketing plan, Essay examples New product marketing plan Free Essays New Product Marketing Plan This paper will focus on the development of a marketing strategy for a new product- Honda bicycle. Market Analysis In the market analysis, I intend to assess both the future and current market(s), positioning competitive conditions and any regulatory concerns that may exist in United States as Honda Company ventures into introducing bicycles in America. The potential for our product which is bicycles consists of quite a large and wide range of individuals who love outdoor sporting as well as those who have an interest in biking as a sport. We will write a custom essay sample on New product marketing plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is also applies to the avid riders. In other words, this group constitutes young people especially children who like to bike during their play time, those students who take on biking as their only means of transportation, and competitive riders as well as weekend riders. Targeting may occur in two main phases. The first one concerns the single segment which consists of a single product. This is whereby a single product is targeted by a marketer and this takes place in a market that consists of many segments. On the other hand, the second phase relates to a situation whereby a single product is aimed at the available market segments as a whole by a marketer. In this case, less importance is placed on differentiation as compared to cost. In addition, there is also multi segment system of approach whereby different segments in the market are targeted by a marketer and this also includes various products that are differentiated (Baker, 2003). The overall market for Honda is the United Statesââ¬â¢ market and companyââ¬â¢s target includes young families, children and sports men and women. The current population of people who use bicycles is high in the United States and this size is constantly increasing. This therefore provides a good potential market for Honda bicycles that are about to be introduced. As concerns the socio-cultural characteristics, our target market consists of people who are open as regards their culture, beliefs, values and lifestyles. United Statesââ¬â¢ citizens once believed that those people who ride bicycles were mostly trouble makers; this belief has drastically changed since the inception of Honda Company. This therefore means that the target market is bound to perceive the introduction of Honda bicycles as a good thing. As concerns, the economic background, the United States market consists of people who have above average earnings hence they are capable of purchasing these bicycles. This is also because they are likely to have disposable income. Moreover; the customer needs and requirements vary a lot. For instance, the primary needs for any children who might want to purchase bicycles concerns their safety, value and sound construction whereas a competitive circler will look for the productââ¬â¢s technological superiority, reliability and light-weight construction. Our target market intends to have young adults who earn $ 35,000 as their annual incomes and the avid riders who have an annual income of $45,000 and above and they should be aged between the ages of 25-44 years. As per our surveys, our consumers will be willing to pay $ 410.What will drive the demand for our bicycles are the reasonable prices that we are about offer to our esteemed customers, our brand image and high quality products (bicycles). Industry and Competitor Assessment. The main competitors include Yamaha from Japan, Bajaj Auto, TVs-Suzuki and Harley Division (HD). Harley Division is a strong company that is financially stable besides its constant growth. In addition, HD offers-low cost and high quality goods, they posses a brand image which is strong and adaptable and lastly the company has a strong global marketing and distribution system. As a result of these factors, the competition has managed to satisfy the needs of our proposed targets. The main competitive advantages that these competitors have include lower costs of goods that will enhance competition, mergers between them and this will adversely affect the current market share that Honda possess. These companies have established such a strong global competition because of the high quality and low priced goods that they offer. This also includes the brand images for their products which are also superior. Moreover, these companies offer advanced and high quality bicycles because they are knowledgeable on the greatest and current trends in the bicycle industry hence the ability to attract more customers both the old and the young population in United States. The other competitive advantage concerns the location of the business and also the reputation that they hold for their products among the majority population in United States. For instance, Mountainmart is also threatening competitors in the biking industry since they often apply a huge discount structure and commodity approach for its various product line. However, despite its price advantage, Mountainmart doesnââ¬â¢t offer a high performance service as well as bike lines. In addition, its location is not convenient as it is located far away from students who constitute the main target market. As a result, it does not portray as much competition to either of its competitors. However, Honda has also its own advantages that translate to its strengths giving the company a competitive edge over other business competitors. The company will produce and intends to offer a wide range of highly qualified bicycles which include comfort, mountain, childrenââ¬â¢s bicycles and hybrid. Since lifestyles are constantly changing, Honda Company is bound to offer a unique and healthy lifestyle with the current trend of bicycles that is bound to offer. Moreover, Honda also offers customer service which is excellent such as training, safety tips, instructions, repairs, bike fittings and proper use among others and this will be good aspect in tackling down our customers. Marketing Strategy Customers are the focal point as concerns the purchasing of products that organizations worldwide promote, development, and price and distribute hence this call for proper definition of these products so as to enhance and maximize consumer satisfaction. Positioning as a concept has in the past and even today changed the available nature that relate to advertising. The starting point for positioning relates to a service, an institution or merchandise. Positioning entails making the product to appear in a personââ¬â¢s mind (Ries and Trout, 2001). Positioning is therefore effective when it takes place at the right time. Getting into a personââ¬â¢s mind involves having the right messages fixed into peopleââ¬â¢s mind as this calls for an appreciation. Therefore our offering will be positioned through advertising so that people can be aware of the bicycles that we intend to introduce in the market. In advertising, enormous advantage is guaranteed for those products that are able to position themselves in the market as the first products hence it is essential to have very good products in the available particular fields in business. The marketing strategy of Honda will constitute the four elements of the marketing mix which include product, price, distribution (place) and promotion so as to make effective management decisions in order to attain the stated objectives of the firm. They will be blended in an optimal manner by the firm with an objective of getting a positive response from the consumers of goods and services in the market. This is because these four variables play the vital role in the decision making process by management. Products could either be goods or services that are available for consumer consumption. As concerns product decisions, the decisions that will be made may be based on appearance, service, function, warranty and packaging among others. Therefore the product decision at Honda will include differentiated products and different brands will be available for the bicycles. Honda intends to introduce bicycles that create a great appeal to the general public as well as the younger demographic hence creating a larger market share for the company (Gorchels, 2006). As regards pricing decisions, the need could occur under a number of specific circumstances for different types of products and services. For an existing brand or product the decision can incorporate increases, reductions and holding price. The major circumstances in which pricing decisions need to be made are: new product introduction, changes in external circumstances e.g. competitive action in raising and lowering of prices, raw material tax or any duty changes in the market structure, as well as other internal changes arising from new products and new processes. It is therefore vital for decisions made on pricing to consider the probable pricing and the profit margins of products. Discounts, financing and other various options such as licensing also constitute pricing decision. At Honda, pricing decisions and strategy, the decisions made will use the method of low-end targeting. This will enhance provision of these bicycles at lower prices so that everyone can afford to buy them (Gorchels, 2006). Placement decisions are mostly linked to various marketing channels of distribution which often provide the means for transferring these products so that they can get to the specified customers. Decisions that concern distribution include logistics, channel member selection, levels of service and market coverage. Honda plans to have dealers who will be used to distribute the bicycles to various destinations. These networks of dealers will be placed in various destinations so that potential consumers can access these products, merchandise or accessories. The company also hopes to use promotions such as shows, public relations and marketing programs in its distribution decision (Minzburg Quinn, 1991). On the other hand, decisions that are made relating to selling and communication towards potential consumers are referred to as promotion decisions. These decisions require a breakeven analysis as these costs may be large. The promotion strategy at Honda will be based on brand image, advertisements and commercials that will be available to all. The most effective means of communication for our product (bicycles) is the mass media method of communication. This method enhances the rate at which we can connect with our target customers. Public relations will also be part of our promotion strategy. It is a purposeful form of communication directed towards the publics by the organization with the objective of developing good will (Cooper Hiebing, 2004). Public relations is also future oriented and proactive hence the objective of maintaining and building an organizationââ¬â¢s positive perception. References Baker, M.J. (2003). The marketing Book. Elsevier. Cooper, W., Hiebing, R. (2004). The One-Day Marketing Plan. McGraw-Hill Professional. Gorchels, L. (2006). The Product managerââ¬â¢s handbook: Supplemental Worksheets and templates. McGraw-Hill Professional. Minzburg, H., Quinn, B. (1991). The Strategy Process. Prentice Hall. Ries, A., Trout, J. (2001).Positioning: The Battle for your mind. McGraw-Hill à à à à à à à à à à à Professional. How to cite New product marketing plan, Essay examples rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8800796179650137360.post-85528758666663824942019-12-06T22:43:00.001-08:002019-12-06T22:43:04.565-08:00Homelessness and Vagabond free essay sample Vagabonds are normally despised by the society. What happens when they are treated like an ordinary respectable human being is the main theme of this story. Introduction: The vagabond who is often chased by people is welcomed by an old man. In spite of the good nature of the old man the vagabond robs him. He later returns the money due to the good deeds and kind nature of a young lady. Summary: The vagabond sold self made rattraps. He made the rattraps with wire which he got by begging in the stores or big farms. At times he used to beg and steal, he had a philosophy of his own the entire world was a sort of rattrap. People were lured by the various pleasures of life just as a rat is attracted by cheese or pork. One day he met an old man as he was seeking shelter for the night. We will write a custom essay sample on Homelessness and Vagabond or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He was given hot porridge, tobacco to smoke and they even played cards. The old man showed the vagabond his money pouch and the three ten kroner notes. He slept that at the old manââ¬â¢s house and the next day he left the house with the three notes. He wandered into the forest for fear being caught for his thievery. He lost his way and finally stumbled into Ramsjo Ironworks in search of warmth and shelter. The owner of the Ironworks mistakes him to be an old friend and took him home. The vagabond played along but later requested to go back to the warmth of the forge. The Ironmaster sent his daughter to bring him back. The gentle and kind nature of the young lady made him follow her. Once he cleaned and shaved, the Ironmaster realized that he was a stranger. He asked the vagabond to leave his house but his daughter wanted him to stay. He ate and slept the entire day. On Christmas Eve the Ironmaster and his daughter went to church. At the church they heard that a vagabond had stolen money from an old man who had worked as crofter at Ramsjo Ironworks. The young lady became very sad and the Ironmaster was sure that all his silver spoons would have disappeared. On their return the valet said that the vagabond had left and he did not take anything along with him. On the contrary he left a small gift for the young lady. The vagabond had returned the stolen money along with a rattrap as a gift to the young lady. He wrote a note thanking her for her kindness and asked her to return the money back to the old man. The money was like bait that drew him to it and he would have been like a rat who got caught in the trap called ââ¬Ëlove of moneyââ¬â¢. Conclusion: The author has very well brought the condition of the vagabond. It is important to treat them as human beings and maybe a little love and affection can work wonders in transforming them into honest and sociable people. rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8800796179650137360.post-71037205368787718302019-11-29T10:46:00.001-08:002019-11-29T10:46:02.285-08:00Its Time to Bust These 5 Content Marketing Myths While many companies have embraced content marketing as a key marketing strategy, a study by the Content Marketing Institute reveals that only 42% of businesses feel that theirs is effective. Whatââ¬â¢s holding so many companies back? Well thereââ¬â¢s lots of information on content marketing online but not all of it is sound advice. Itââ¬â¢s time to lay some of these myths to rest. Myth #1: ââ¬Å"Social media isnââ¬â¢t a big priorityâ⬠Many brands let their social media presence slide because they donââ¬â¢t think of it as a major priority. But if you want to maximize the reach of your content, you need to be promoting it on social media. Paid and organic social posts can help boost your visibility, drive traffic and increase sales. With an average of 28% of time online spent on social networks, itââ¬â¢s vital that your brand is engaging with customers where they actually are. Myth #2: ââ¬Å"I need to publish as much content as possibleâ⬠In the world of content marketing, quality trumps quantity. Low-value content doesnââ¬â¢t inspire trust in readers, which will lead to fewer shares, traffic and conversions. Even worse, Google algorithm changes increasingly tend to send weak content plummeting in search page rankings. Myth #3: ââ¬Å"We need to talk about what we doâ⬠Many make the mistake of confusing content marketing with copywriting, especially if their background is in advertising. In fact, research shows that most consumers donââ¬â¢t like the amount of promotional content theyââ¬â¢re bombarded with on social media. Instead, content marketing is about engaging with your audience and providing value to them. So, figure out what their challenges and pain points are and offer information that can help solve these problems rather than making it all about you. In other words, ââ¬Å"be the best answer on the Internet.â⬠Social media has revolutionized the way people communicate and interact online. However, many have gotten the idea that the growth of social networks has rendered email obsolete. But actually, the opposite is true: email continues to be one of the most powerful ways to promote your content and boost conversions. The numbers donââ¬â¢t lie: one study reveals that the average return for companies for each dollar invested in email marketing is $44.25! Myth #5: ââ¬Å"Anybody can write my contentâ⬠Everyone knows that quality content is essential for content marketing success, but a surprising number of companies fail to allocate the necessary resources to create effective content for their brand. When it comes to content creation, you get what you pay for. If you want content that gets results, itââ¬â¢s worthwhile to invest in high-quality content writers. Remember ââ¬â one top-notch piece of content can be more effective than 10 low-quality pieces. Myths Busted Content marketing often involves a process of trial and error, but separating the facts from the fiction can keep you headed on the right track. rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8800796179650137360.post-53077719204240587402019-11-25T15:36:00.001-08:002019-11-25T15:36:04.236-08:00Concepts of Facing Reality through the texts The Riders by Tim Winton, Retrun to Bali and film Snow falling on CedarsConcepts of Facing Reality through the texts The Riders by Tim Winton, Retrun to Bali and film Snow falling on Cedars Reality is something that everybody has to face and deal with. Facing reality can sometimes have a significant effect on themselves as well as those closest to them. This idea is shown throughout the novel, "The Riders", by Tim Winton, the 60 minutes episode, "Return to Bali", and the film "Snow Falling on Cedars". The realities that the characters in these texts were confronted were presented in the ideas of facing reality is a physical or mental journey, that pain and suffering might be endured and that there will be a change in their life.The novel "The Rider's shows that when confronted with reality, you will face it through a physical or mental journey. Scully took both a mental and physical journey. Moving from one place to another all around Europe searching for his wife, Jennifer. "She'll be in Greece". This is what Scully had thought, though he was soon to find out that he was wrong and that he didn't know his own wife as well as he once thought.Ismael, or IshmaelThe mental journey is shown along the way. How his state of mind changes as each part of the novel is changed. This shows the mental journey in progress. At the end of the novel he ends up with a much better state of mind then what he had when he was in Paris and the other countries around Europe. A circular storyline shows the physical journey and the third person view shows the mental journey, by having different perspective the reader was able to interpret how Scully was truly feeling."Return to Bali" shows the physical journey, how they had to travel from their homes in Australia to Bali where they were recently bombed. This physical journey was short compared to the journey, which Scully... rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8800796179650137360.post-12137967218319951722019-11-21T23:00:00.001-08:002019-11-21T23:00:40.908-08:00Prepare for a job interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsPrepare for a job interview - Essay Example It is best to show up in business attire. Colors should be light and decent. It is best to wear shades of white, black, blue and grey. The candidate should not consume a heavy meal prior to interview, though a light snack is obviously recommendable. The candidate should try to assess the field specific questions he may be asked, and have answers ready for them. Also, the candidate should do a bit of research on the company (All Business, 2011). This practice raises the confidence level of the candidate. During interview, the candidate should try not to speak wrong about a concept if the concept is unfamiliar. A ââ¬Å"sorryâ⬠is better than saying something that does not make sense. The candidateââ¬â¢s confidence is extremely important for an interview, and that should be displayed anyway. Finally, the candidate should maintain a nice and decent tone throughout the interview. References: All Business. (2011). Ten Tips on Preparing for a Job Interview. Retrieved from http://ww w.allbusiness.com/human-resources/careers-job-interview/11120-1.html. Pollick, M. (2010). How can I Prepare for a Job Interview? Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/how-can-i-prepare-for-a-job-interview.htm. rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8800796179650137360.post-58096040173853131922019-11-20T18:06:00.001-08:002019-11-20T18:06:06.663-08:00Self esteem development in the classroom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 wordsSelf esteem development in the classroom - Essay Example Initially acknowledged by James (1890), self-esteem is defined as a ââ¬Ëbelief and self-confidence in your own ability and value.â⬠Thus, self-esteem is increasingly becoming better described and might be understood as an evaluative process by which individuals assess the differences between self-image (how we are) and, the ideal-self (how we want to be). Figure 1 The Structure of Self-Esteem Defining Self-Esteem Coppersmith (1967) considers self-esteem to be "the evaluation that the individual makes and customarily maintains with regard to him/herself. It expresses an attitude of approval or disapproval and indicates the extent to which the individual believes him/herself to be capable, significant and worthy". The definitions described above illustrate that an individual's level of self-esteem is determined mainly by the feedback received from the social environment, including home and school. It is important to note that all the beliefs and images which individuals possess as an essential part of their self-concept are not an innate element of an individual's self concept. Individuals are all born with certain observable physical attributes and untouched capability, but no one was born with completely developed understandings that s/he is gifted or stupid, ugly or good looking, extrovert or introvert. Most of the images and beliefs which one possesses about oneself as adults are acquired before adulthood. The source of an individualââ¬â¢s self-concept starts from how others treat them and what they tell them about the individuals. Newborns develop an overall impression in relation to whether they are cherished or not based on the extent to which they are treated. In early childhood, the development of children's self-concept is effected to a large extent by non-verbal communication. In adolescence, when the language skills are developed, they begin to decipher those general expressions into words and expressions (Oââ¬â¢Toole, 1995). Childrenâ⠬â¢s self-concept is further formed when they enter school. At this level children become alert of the fact whether they are approved by others and are included in activities or because they are disliked and are often left alone. Children also become conscious of their talents and limitations from the feedback they get from teachers and fellow students (Oââ¬â¢Toole, 1995). Two psychological processes deal with the evaluation of social feedback that includes self-evaluation and self-worth. For each person, the real-self and the ideal-self are different because the ideal-self includes what a person would like to turn into. This difference is vital, however, because without some level of goal, children and adults become inadequately adjusted. It is normal, and in far praiseworthy, for a person to be constantly working hard. Yet, the smaller the difference between the real-self and the ideal-self, the greater confidence the individual will have, and the greater will be his/her abil ity to attain a high level of self-esteem. On the other hand, when there is a huge difference between the real-self and ideal-self, the individual is more prone to have a low self-esteem (Oââ¬â¢Toole, 1995). Global Self-Esteem Global Self-Esteem Academic Non-Academic English Math Science Other Social Physical Parents Others Appearance Skill Figure 2 The Self-Esteem Hierarchy Global self-esteem is a personââ¬â¢s total feeling of self-esteem which becomes steady as the child grows (Marsh et al., 1984). Tasks that do not rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8800796179650137360.post-6854668071602045952019-11-18T18:34:00.001-08:002019-11-18T18:34:04.490-08:00Does the rotation of auditors improve the quality of auditing EssayDoes the rotation of auditors improve the quality of auditing - Essay Example In the provisional report released by the panel, it was proposed that, for there to be audit quality, audit firms must be rotated periodically (Whitehouse par. 4). This proposal by the U.K. Competition Commission is in line with the United States Public Company Accounting Oversight Boardââ¬â¢s (PCAOB) concept, which proposed compulsory rotation of audit firms. According to PCAOB, the proposed regulation would set a threshold on the number of years that a registered public audit firm could act as the auditor of a public company, noted Bhika and Francis (par. 2). This proposal came about out of the increasing need to improve audit quality in both the U.K. and the U.S. Audit quality, according to Arter (3) is a process involving a systematic examination of internal and external auditorââ¬â¢s quality system. Audit quality is seen as an important part of quality management system in an organization. Quality audit ensures that audit companies perform their duties objectively, and ind ependently. Therefore, the U.K. Competition Commission and PCAOB believe that rotation of auditors of public companies will help increase competition among audit firms, which will also increase the quality of audit. This will be of great benefit to the shareholders since it will help safeguard shareholders interests by increasing the managersââ¬â¢ accountability. A report released by the U.K. Competition Commission showed that about 31% of top 100 public companies in the U.K. and 20% of the top 250 had been sharing the same audit firm for more than two decades. This raises concern since it does not promote the spirit of competition, thus resulting in lower quality, higher prices and less innovation. In addition, this results in failure of audit firms to protect the interest of shareholders (Whitehouse par. 5). The U.K Commission is also concerned that the audit market, subjugated by the Big 4, is constrained by factors that prevent companies from changing auditors. In addition, t hese factors allow auditors to focus more on satisfying the needs of managements than those of shareholders. A study also established that most companies find it difficult in comparing alternative audit firms with their existing auditors, as they prefer continuity. As a result, they incur significant costs in hiring and terminating the services of auditors. Therefore, the reluctance of these companies to change auditors limit reduces their bargaining power. All these problems, according to the U.K. Commission can only be addressed effectively through mandatory rotation of auditors (Whitehouse par. 6). Audit rotation, according to PWC (par. 2), pertains to setting a limit that ensures that a particular auditor does not overstay as an auditor for a particular client for too long. Instead, the auditors are required to move to terminate their services with the firms they have been working for after the expiry of the set time limit to find other clients. Perceived advantages One of the p erceived advantages of audit firm rotation is that it increases audit quality (Bhika and Francis par. 6). Those in support of proposed rotation of audit firms in the country claim that the establishing term limit for audit firms will help in eliminating some of the ââ¬Å"chumminessâ⬠that might exist between companies and audit firms, thus promoting increased skepticism, independence and objectivity. rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8800796179650137360.post-2114617937800701492019-11-16T07:07:00.001-08:002019-11-16T07:07:10.164-08:00The major threats in revenue cycleThe major threats in revenue cycle The objectives of the billing process are to ensure the customers are billed for all sales, invoices are accurate, and the customers are billed for all sales. Accurate billing is crucial and requires information identifying the items and quantities shipped, prices, and special sales terms. But, sometimes threats might happen; the transaction might result from either a mistake or a fraud. The company might face failure to bill customers. The failure will cause loss of assets and revenues and inaccurate sales, inventory and accounts receivable data. For example, the employees who ship the product to might not bill the customers as they customers are their friends. Besides, no reconciliation of inventory amounts shipped with billings might cause failure to bill customers. This could result in undetected underbilling. In addition, the bookkeeper might do not periodically verify that all sales orders and shipping advices have been invoiced. So, the company must observe the problems faced and reduce the risk of errors and fraud. The company may separate the shipping and billing function to prevent that the failure to bill customers. The internal control can manage the billing and shipping records should be integrated on the computer system to provide for reconciliation of inventory amounts shipped and billed. The company internal control must periodically verify that all sales orders and shipping advices have been invoiced. This is because accurate and timely billing is crucial. The Billing Department may require information from the Shipping Department on items and quantities shipped and from Sales on prices and other sales terms. The basic document created is the sales invoice. Invoices may be sent or received in paper form and in invoice-less systems, ensure every shipment is recorded, since the shipment triggers recording of the account receivable. The wellà ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬managed internal control should also merge the billing process with sales and marketing by using data about a customerà ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¾Ã ¢s past purchases to send information about related products and services with the monthly statement. All sales tickets should be prenumbered and accounted for. This would quickly spot missing tickets. On top of that, I suggest that the On-line data entry by sales staff. The system should include credit checks on customers as well as check inventory availability Email notification of each department (shipping, billing, etc.) whenever another department performs an action (e.g., billing is notified whenever shipping enters data indicating that an order has been released) Furthermore, there might be the billing error occurred during the sales transaction. The billing might be underbilling or overbilling. This may cause loss of asset and customer dissatisfaction. The employee might prepare the invoices without notification about what was shipped and when. This will cause the billing mistakes when shipping goods. The employees maybe deal with the wrong price list of the products or goods to cause overbilling customers. The solution for the billing error can be controlled by prepare invoice only after receive copy of shipping advice indicating quantities shipped and date. The internal control can use the prices of computer-based such as have the computer retrieve prices from the inventory master file. This can prevent the wrong price with the goods shipping or even wrong price wrong goods. Moreover, the company can use date entry edit control to eliminate the billing error. Have the system to check the inventory availability as order data are entered with the prices of it. The company also can use online terminal to enter sales order date into the system as orders are received to avoid the quantity error with billing error. Internal control can also do have a system to save all the inventory or product list with pricing list so that the company can use barcode scanners to scan the products order. It can prevent the data key in error. Furthermore, for the billing error I suggest that use passwords to limit access to authorized users, and to restrict the duties each employee may perform and which files they may access in case to prevent the inventory data and prices changed by the employees. Next we can also check quantities on packing slip against quantities on sales order to make sure again the right goods shipping and the billing cost. In addition, posting errors in updating accounts receivable is one of the threats of the billing in revenue cycle. Accounts can be written off to cover theft of cash due to uncollectible accounts are not determined on the basis of established criteria. Any of fees earned, cash receipts, and uncollectible accounts expense could be either understated or overstated because of undetected differences between the subsidiary ledger and the general ledger. Also, fees earned and cash receipts or accounts receivable could be understated because of failure to record billings, cash receipts, and write-offs accurately. Trial balances of the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger are not prepared independently of, or verified and reconciled to, the accounts receivable control account in the general ledger. It causes customer dissatisfaction and loss of sales and may indicate theft of cash To solve of this threat problems, the internal control can establish and use criteria for writing off accounts receivable. Write off should be authorized by someone who does not have access to cash and periodic reconciliation of the subsidiary accounts receivable ledger to the general ledger control account for accounts receivable. Besides, the invoice shall be prepared as soon as the order is approved and the inventory, accounts receivable and general ledger files are updated at that time to prevent the delay between order and shipment so that the bill can post into account receivable just in time to avoid any error happened. Between, in case to avoid the error in maintaining the customer accounts, the company internal control may edit checks such as validity checks on customer and invoice numbers so amounts are applied to the correct account. The company can also make the field check on it to ensure payment amounts are numeric. To make sure there are no error occurred during the up dating of account receivable, the internal control shall make the reconciliation of subsidiary accounts receivable ledger with general ledger and sending the monthly statements to every customer to provide independent review. To reduce this threat, I suggest that the company can compare the number of accounts updated with the number of check received. A variety of inputs edit checks (limit checks, range checks, reasonableness tests, etc.) to ensure completeness of data entry and accuracy. Besides, establishment of electronic lockboxes with banks so that customer payments go directly to companyà ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¾Ã ¢s account. Use email notification of each department whenever another department performs an action. The system that provide should include the credit checks on customers as well as check inventory availability to avoid the posting error in updating account receivable and maintaining customer accounts. rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8800796179650137360.post-7848449106907650132019-11-13T19:38:00.001-08:002019-11-13T19:38:02.961-08:00Federal Laws Essay -- essays papersFederal Laws The federal governments stand on inclusion is somewhat indistinct. There are federal laws that govern education of children with disabilities. However, they do not require inclusion, but only that a significant effort be made to find an inclusive placement. The Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) was amended in 1997. The term inclusion does not appear in the act, but does require that children with disabilities be educated to the maximum extent appropriate in the least restrictive environment, which is interpreted to mean the regular education classroom. The intent of IDEA is to educate as many students with disabilities as possible in the regular education classroom (--, 2002.) Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 requires that all recipients of federal funds must provide equal education of each qualified handicapped child in its jurisdiction with people who are not handicapped. Those schools that receive federal funding must place the handicapped child in the regular education classroom unless it is demonstrated by the recipient that this type of education with the added use of supplementary aides and services cannot be achieved satisfactorily (Schultz 2001.) Court Cases Court decisions provide guidelines governing placement of the child with special needs under IDEA. There are many court cases throughout the country involving challenges to placement of students in the least restrictive environment. In the case of Greer vs. Rome City School District in 1992 parents were fighting against the placement of their daughter in a self-contained special education classroom. The district argued that the costs of providing services in the classroom would be too high. The court ... ...d States of America: Pearson Education Group, Inc. Barry, Janet & Wise, B.J. (1997). Fueling inclusion through technology: Students with disabilities can rise to new heights with assertive technology Hornby, G. (1999). Inclusion or delusion : Can one size fit all? Support for Learning; 14 (4), p.152 Jones, M. Thorn, C., Chow, P., & Wild, C. (2002). Equifinality: Parentsââ¬â¢ and students' attitudes towards a student-centered approach to integration. Education; 122 (3), p.624 Norwich, B. (2002). Education, inclusion and individual differences: Recognizing and resolving dilemmas. British Journal of Educational Studies;50 (4), p.482 Perkins-Gough, D. (2003). Teaching all students. Educational Leadership; 61 (2), p.92 Pi v ik, J., McComas, J., & Laflamme, M. (2002). Barriers and facilitators to inclusive education. Exceptional Children; 69 (1), p.97 rubybarnethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03575956404299617305noreply@blogger.com0