Thursday, May 21, 2020
The Function and Cell Types of Epithelial Tissue
The word tissue is derived from a Latin word meaning to weave.à Cells that make up tissues are sometimes woven together with extracellular fibers. Likewise, a tissue can sometimes be held together by a sticky substance that coats its cells. There are four main categories of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous. Lets take a look at epithelial tissue. Epithelial Tissue Function Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines organs, vessels (blood and lymph), and cavities. Epithelial cells form the thin layer of cells known as the endothelium, which is contiguous with the inner tissue lining of organs such as the brain, lungs, skin, and heart. The free surface of epithelial tissue is usually exposed to fluid or the air, while the bottom surface is attached to a basement membrane.The cells in epithelial tissue are very closely packed together and joined with little space between them. With its tightly packed structure, we would expect epithelial tissue to serve some type of barrier and protective function and that is certainly the case. For example, the skin is composed of a layer of epithelial tissue (epidermis) that is supported by a layer of connective tissue. It protects the internal structures of the body from damage and dehydration.Epithelial tissue also helps to protect against microorganisms. The skin is the bodys first line of defense aga inst bacteria, viruses, and other microbes.Epithelial tissue functions to absorb, secrete, and excrete substances. In the intestines, this tissue absorbs nutrients during digestion. Epithelial tissue in glands secrete hormones, enzymes, and other substances. Epithelial tissue in the kidneys excrete wastes, and in the sweat glands excrete perspiration.Epithelial tissue also has a sensory function as it contains sensory nerves in areas such as the skin, tongue, nose, and ears.Ciliated epithelial tissue can be found in areas such as the female reproductive tract and the respiratory tract. Cilia are hair-like protrusions that help propel substances, such as dust particles or female gametes, in the proper direction. Classifying Epithelial Tissue Epithelia are commonly classified based on the shape of the cells on the free surface, as well as the number of cell layers. Sample types include: Simple Epithelium: Simple epithelium contains a single layer of cells.Stratified Epithelium: Stratified epithelium contains multiple layers of cells.Pseudostratified Epithelium: Pseudostratified epithelium appears to be stratified, but is not. The single layer of cells in this type of tissue contain nuclei that are arranged at different levels, making it appear to be stratified. Likewise, the shape of the cells on the free surface can be: Cuboidal - Analogous to the shape of dice.Columnar - Analogous to the shape of bricks on an end.Squamous - Analogous to the shape of flat tiles on a floor. By combining the terms for shape and layers, we can derive epithelial types such as pseudostratified columnar epithelium, simple cuboidal epithelium, or stratified squamous epithelium. Simple Epithelium Simple epithelium consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. The free surface of epithelial tissue is usually exposed to fluid or the air, while the bottom surface is attached to a basement membrane. Simple epithelial tissue lines body cavities and tracts. Simple epithelial cells compose linings inà blood vessels,à kidneys,à skin, and theà lungs. Simple epithelium aids inà diffusionà andà osmosisà processes in the body. Stratified Epithelium Stratified epithelium consists of epithelial cells stacked in multiple layers. These cells typically cover exterior surfaces of the body, such as theà skin. They are also found interiorly in portions of theà digestive tractà andà reproductive tract. Stratified epithelium serves a protective role by helping to prevent water loss and damage by chemicals or friction. This tissue is constantly renewed asà dividing cellsà on the bottom layer move toward the surface to replace olderà cells. Pseudostratified Epithelium Pseudostratified epithelium appears to be stratified but is not. The single layer of cells in this type of tissue containà nucleià that are arranged at different levels, making it appear to be stratified. All cells are in contact with the basement membrane. Pseudostratified epithelium is found in the respiratory tract and theà male reproductive system. Pseudostratified epithelium in the respiratory tract isà ciliatedà and contain finger-like projections that help to remove unwanted particles from theà lungs. Endothelium Endothelial cells form the inner lining of theà cardiovascular systemà andà lymphatic systemà structures. Endothelial cells are epithelial cells that form a thin layer of simple squamous epithelium known asà the endothelium. Endothelium makes up the inner layer of vessels such asà arteries,à veins, andà lymphatic vessels. In the smallest blood vessels,à capillariesà and sinusoids, endothelium comprises the majority of the vessel.ââ¬â¹ Blood vesselà endotheliumà is contiguous with the inner tissue lining of organs such as theà brain,à lungs,à skin, andà heart. Endothelial cells are derived from endothelialà stem cellsà located inà bone marrow. Endothelial Cell Structure Endothelial cells are thin, flat cells that areà packed closely together to form a single layer of endothelium. The bottom surface of endothelium is attached to a basement membrane, while the free surface is usually exposed to fluid. Endothelium can be continuous, fenestrated (porous), or discontinuous. With continuous endothelium,à tight junctionsà are formed when theà cell membranesà of cells in close contact with one another join together to form a barrier that prevents the passage of fluid between theà cells. Tight junctions may contain numerous transport vesicles to allow the passage of certain molecules and ions. This can be observed in the endothelium ofà musclesà andà gonads. Conversely, tight junctions in areas such as theà central nervous systemà (CNS) have very few transport vesicles. As such, the passage of substances in the CNS is very restrictive. Inà fenestrated endothelium, the endothelium contains pores to allow small molecules andà proteinsà to pass. This type of endothelium is found inà organsà and glands of theà endocrine system, in the intestines, and in theà kidneys.à Discontinuous endotheliumà contains large pores in its endothelium and is attached to an incomplete basement membrane. Discontinuous endothelium allowsà blood cellsà and larger proteins to pass through the vessels. This type of endothelium is present in theà sinusoidsà of the liver,à spleen, andà bone marrow. Endothelium Functions Endothelial cells perform a variety of essential functions in the body. One of the primary functions of endothelium is to act as a semi-permeable barrier between body fluids (bloodà and lymph) and theà organsà and tissues of the body. In blood vessels, endothelium helps blood to flow properly by producing molecules that prevent blood from clotting andà plateletsà from clumping together. When there is a break in a blood vessel, endothelium secretes substances that cause blood vessels to constrict, platelets to adhere to injured endothelium to form a plug, and blood to coagulate. This helps to prevent bleeding in damaged vessels and tissues. Other functions of endothelial cells include: Macromolecule Transport RegulationEndothelium regulates the movement of macromolecules, gases, and fluid between the blood and surrounding tissues. The movement of certain molecules across the endothelium is either restricted or allowed based on the type of endothelium (continuous, fenestrated, or discontinuous) and physiological conditions. The endothelial cells in the brain that form the blood-brain barrier, for instance, are highly selective and allow only certain substances to move across the endothelium. Theà nephronsà in the kidneys, however, contain fenestrated endothelium to enable the filtration of blood and the formation of urine.Immune ResponseBlood vessel endothelium helps cells of theà immune systemà exit blood vessels to reach tissues that are under attack from foreign substances such asà bacteriaà andà viruses. This process is selective in thatà white blood cellsà and notà red blood cellsà are allowed to pass through the endothelium in this manner .Angiogenesis and LymphangiogenesisThe endothelium is responsible for angiogenesis (creation of new blood vessels) and lymphangiogenesis (new lymphatic vessel formation). These processes are necessary for the repair of damaged tissue and tissue growth.Blood Pressure RegulationEndothelial cells release molecules that help to constrict or dilate blood vessels when needed. Vasoconstriction increases blood pressure by narrowing blood vessels and restricting blood flow. Vasodilation widens vessel passages and lowers blood pressure. Endothelium and Cancer Endothelial cells play a critical role in the growth, development, and spread of someà cancer cells. Cancer cells require a good supply of oxygen and nutrients to grow. Tumor cells send signaling molecules to nearby normal cells to activate certainà genesà in the normal cells to produce certainà proteins. These proteins initiate new blood vessel growth to tumor cells, a process called tumor angiogenesis. These growing tumors metastasize, or spread, by entering blood vessels or lymphatic vessels. They are carried to another area of the body via theà circulatory systemà or theà lymphatic system. The tumor cells then exit through the vessel walls and invade surrounding tissue. Sources: Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002. Blood Vessels and Endothelial Cells. Available from: (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26848/)Understanding Cancer Series. Angiogenesis. National Cancer Institute. Accessed 08/24/2014
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
The Story Of Buddhism By Donald M. Rodriguez Jr. - 1743 Words
The Kannon Bosatsu, or Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva, is a carved wood statue of a Bodhisattva figure standing about two and one half to three meters tall. This statue shows a high level of detail on the Bodhisattva s body, and is carved so smoothly that it could be mistaken for a stone carving. The show of skilled craftsmanship can be seen around the shoulders with the interaction of the cloth with the jewelry the Bodhisattva. The statue is placed on an ornate pedestal to cause the figurine to appear taller, giving it a feeling of authority, which contrasts with its calm, expressionless face. While the figure appears to be standing in a meditative state like the Buddha, the jewelry present all over the body of this figure distinguishes this figure as a Bodhisattva instead of a Buddha. In his book, The Story of Buddhism a Concise guide to Its History and Teachings, Donald S. Lopez Jr. establishes the importance of imagery in Buddhism. One major point he makes concerning the worsh ip of Buddhist figures, is that the disciples of Buddhism not only believe that the figures are a mere representation of Buddha, but that the figures actually become and are animated by Buddha, an argument which seems to hold merit as truth. Continuing with the theme of visual imagery from this icon, Buddhist icons often carry much meaning in the orientation of the body of figurines, and hand gestures. This standing Bodhisattva has his eyes shut in a meditative state, while the hands
The Characters in Troilus and Criseyde Free Essays
Characters Achilles, warrior who kills Troilus and Hector in battle Antenor, a soldier held captive by the Greeks, led to the fall of Troy, traded for Criseydeââ¬â¢s safety Calchas, a Trojan prophet who joins the Greeks Criseyde, Calchasââ¬â¢ daughter Helen, wife to Menelaus, lover of Paris Pandarus, Criseydeââ¬â¢s uncle, advises Troilus in the wooing of Criseyde Priam, King of Troy Cassandra, Daughter of Priam, a prophetess at the temple of Apollo Hector, Prince of Troy, fierce warrior and leader of the Trojan armies Troilus, Youngest son of Priam, and wooer of Criseyde Paris, Prince of Troy, lover of Helen Deiphobus, Prince of Troy, aids Troilus in the wooing of Criseyde Synopsis Criseyde, the daughter of the seer Calchas, lives alone in Troy after her father abandons the Trojans to help the Greeks. Eventually she catches the eye of Troilus, a man who had previously scoffed at love, and becomes the object of his overwhelming desire. With the help of Criseydeââ¬â¢s uncle Pandarus he wins her love but soon loses it when the Greeks and the Trojans conduct an exchange of prisoners. We will write a custom essay sample on The Characters in Troilus and Criseyde or any similar topic only for you Order Now Calchas, who knows of Troyââ¬â¢s imminent destruction, persuades the Greeks to exchange Antenor for his daughter and thus saves her from the doomed city. Criseyde promises Troilus that sheââ¬â¢ll return to him after ten days but once sheââ¬â¢s back in the care of her father she realizes the impossibility of her promise. Resigned to her fate, Criseyde yields to the flirtations of Diomedes, and her love for Troilus fades. When Deiphobus wins the armor of Diomedes, Troilus discovers a brooch he gave Criseyde upon her departure pinned to it. Heartbroken, he tries to find Diomedes and take his revenge during battle but after slaying many is in his turn killed by Achilles. As his spirit goes to heaven he reflects on the absurdity of all life itself. work cited Wikipedia online encyclopaedia How to cite The Characters in Troilus and Criseyde, Papers
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